Theses - Music

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Open Access
‘Dynamic Structure’ in the Performance of Symphonic Music: An Examination of Wilhelm Furtwängler’s Recordings
Elek, Martin
Recent theoretical and critical re-evaluations of musical structure have fostered a new understanding of the concept: it has been argued that structure is best understood as a pluralistic and diachronic phenomenon emerging from structural relationships inferred individually by analysts, performers and listeners through the media of scores and performances. Contrary to conventional definitions, it has also been shown that musicians themselves – and conductors in particular – tend to conceptualise large-scale structure dynamically, that is, in terms of such properties as shape, motion, goal-directedness and climax. To date, however, the implications of this concept of structure have not been fully explored in analyses of performances of large-scale symphonic music. This thesis examines the ways in which given conductors conceptualise and project representations of structure in performance, and it utilises a range of analytical approaches suited for the study of those representations. The work centres around Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886–1954), a prominent conductor for whom musical structure and the aforementioned dynamic features of form were primary performative considerations. After examining the concept of musical structure and the conducting style of Furtwängler, the thesis explores the latter’s shaping of symphonic music through three contrasting examples: two movements commonly interpreted as being in sonata form and variation form (respectively, the first and fourth movements of Brahms’s Fourth Symphony), and a symphony in its entirety (Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony). In each case, judicious comparison with select recordings of other conductors is also undertaken for the sake of contextualisation. Alongside established quantitative techniques, the project utilises experimental qualitative methods based on the perception of intensity and motion in performance in order to develop an innovative multi-parametric approach to the representation and thus to the understanding of musical structure in performance.
Open Access
Striking a Balance: finding equilibrium between science and poetics in composition
Bloom, Darren
This thesis takes the form of a portfolio of five instrumental compositions inspired by science, along with a commentary detailing technical aspects of the compositions and poetic and contextual backgrounds to their inception. The portfolio comprises the following works: *Dr Glaser’s Experiment*, a chamber symphony for 19 players, *Five Brief Lessons on Physics*, a string quartet, *New Eyes* for large orchestra, *A Dance of Diatoms* for 10 strings, and *The Solar System does not play well-tempered* for solo bass clarinet. Composed over a period of five years, the compositions chart a journey of interactions with scientific stimuli and investigations with scientists that lead from an initially impressionistic relationship with the science to one in which the technical fabric of the music is interwoven with data derived from scientific sources. Through the commentary I show how this progression changes the nature, and perhaps even the style, of my output. However, I also reflect upon how these changes catalyse a competing interest in arresting a waning of the poetic side of my music. If one is to imagine a spectrum where on one side exists Holst’s *The Planets* with its predominance of mythological influences over the limited science of the time, and on the other side the pure ‘hands-off’ sonification of data, this portfolio represents a narrative of my effort to find an artistic balancing point along such a spectrum. In the commentary on each piece, I also assess my approaches to organising pitch material, specifically: a conflict in between my 'pitch wedge' technique, where intervals expand exponentially from a moveable focal point, and an increasing interest in spectrally influenced microtonality. Ultimately, I show that these opposing harmonic systems can successfully coexist within my music through juxtaposition, and in limited cases, superimposition. However, I acknowledge that the bass register, whether approached in a spectral manner or not, has a predominance over the registers above, and that the ‘pitch wedge’ is of more use as a system from which to derive harmonic and melodic materials, rather than as a governing principle for how the music is to be heard.
Embargo
From Maqām to Makam: In Search of Syria’s Post-Revolution Cultural Imaginary in Turkey
Habash, Dunya
This thesis explores musical manifestations of forced migration focusing on the experiences of Syrian musicians and artists in Turkey. Concentrating on key urban centres in Turkey (Istanbul and Gaziantep), I draw on extensive ethnographic fieldwork with displaced Syrian musicians employing semi-structured and unstructured interviews, participant observation, and document analysis as primary methods of data collection. My research adopts a multi-sited approach analysing a range of contexts in which Syrian music making in Turkey is experienced, including Syrian support and cultural organisations, schools, street music, and the lives of individual musicians. In light of the contemporary Syrian refugee crisis, this thesis offers a timely combination of approaches in ethnomusicology and forced migration studies to investigate how Syrian musicians as agents embed themselves in their new homelands where changes in performance practice, physical space, and cultural norms must be accounted for. The following research questions drive this study: How do Syrian musicians respond to their changing social and historical circumstances? How do they use their craft to create a voice for themselves in Turkey? Are there structural and political forces that support or impede this expression? Does settling in a metropolis like Istanbul as opposed to a smaller city like Gaziantep make a difference to the potential for and character of Syrian musical expression? If so, why and how? Who is the audience in exile? In answering these research questions, I seek to elucidate the social and artistic challenges Syrian musicians face in their efforts to adapt to their new host context and survive economically, to explore how they experience marginality and multiculturalism in Turkey, and finally, to extrapolate from their experience an analysis of the Syrian community’s current social and cultural profile while displaced in Turkey.
Open Access
Historicist Composition for the Catholic Church: France and Belgium, 1894–1937
Sauvey, Tadhg
This thesis explores efforts to “reform” the composition of Catholic church music by imitating medieval and Renaissance models, with a focus on francophone Europe from the zenith of this historicism at the turn of the century to its gradual sublimation between the World Wars. Chapter 1 describes the ideology behind historicist church composition during this period by analysing the debates among musicians, clerics, and critics over the role of old music in creation, and the relationship to be established between new music and old. Most writers disavowed pastiche by adopting an ahistorical attitude towards music of the past. These debates belonged to a wider problem in contemporaneous European musical culture, that of how to write in the shadow of an ever-expanding canon. Subsequent chapters turn to more technical discourse on historicist composition. Chapter 2 retraces the aspirations of church composers to invent a new style of choral polyphony independent of the academic “Palestrina style”. Chapter 3 pieces together how new conceptions of “modality” emerged out of older ones of *tonalité ancienne*. Both developments afforded new ways of claiming a creative affiliation with old music. The conclusion considers the place of historicist church music in the wider context of European and especially French art music of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, striving to refine the critical categories available for interpreting this repertoire, and to ponder their implications for historiographical narratives of French musical modernism. Several concerns run through the whole thesis: to identify changes in the canon of antique sacred music and connect them to their compositional ramifications; to relate church music, usually seen as insular and functionalist, to secular historical and aesthetic thought; and to replace vague or inappropriate categories for interpreting this repertoire, such as pastiche, imitation, and anti-modernism, with fine distinctions grounded in historical context. This last is achieved through closer reading of a wider array of musical examples within a thicker documentary context, and by drawing on the arsenal of critical perspectives developed over the past thirty years for interpreting historicism in more canonical repertoires, adapted here to the particular situation of church music in the early twentieth century.
Embargo
The Sonic Ummah: Sound and Presence in Singapore Sufism
Bin Othman, Muhammad Lutfi
In this thesis, I present the practices of several Sufi orders in the city-state of Singapore, paying attention to gatherings that are designed to heighten feelings of religiosity and facilitate a state of co-presence with divine figures through sonic acts. This thesis explores the ideas of sound and listening that my Sufi Singaporean interlocutors have cultivated and how such ideas factor into their belief system and are applied as sonic strategies of remembrance (*dhikr*). I focus primarily on the *dhikr* gathering but also discuss other practices such as the performance of sacred poems and mystical odes, both in sacred and secular settings, are also discussed. The thesis also investigates how media consumption supports these sounded activities and how the global circulation of sound and video recordings has led to the establishment of a Singapore-based branch of one of the orders that is discussed. The orders presented in this thesis exhibit varying levels of engagement with sound – from forming groups that sing mystical poems to rituals with the express aim of chanting loudly - yet they all employ sound as a tool for spiritual immersion, a strategy that allows the non-Arabic speaking Malay population of Singapore to engage in practices that are based on a language foreign from their own. Over two periods of research, first informally between 2018 and 2019, and then later between June 2020 and March 2021 during formal PhD research, I observed and participated in gatherings in Singapore and conducted interviews both in person and online. While physical gatherings themselves were limited in the time of COVID-19 due to Singapore’s strict movement restrictions, the latter period of research focused heavily on gaining intimate access to and interviewing the members of the various orders. Drawing on the collective observations and interviews, I offer an overview of Sufism in Singapore and examine the ideas of followers from the Ba’Alwie, Naqshbandhi-Haqqani, Chishti-Qadri, Qadri-Naqshbandhi, and Shadhili Sufi orders. Beyond the question of sound and ritual, I also explore here how members of these communities understood sound on a theological and personal level. While Singapore appears on the surface as a hyper-modern city-state and textbook example of quick development, a rise that was helped on by the strict governance and cultural sterility for which it has earned a reputation, this thesis brings attention to a local Sufi culture that is thriving, and crucially, to the major role sonic practices play in its flourishing. Sufism in Singapore in the modern era has been relegated below the surface of the prosperous nation even though it had a fundamental role in the history of Islam in the South-east Asia region. Today Singapore is a global city, and as such its Muslim population, and the groups of Sufis within it, are global citizens, giving a renewed meaning to the term the *ummah*, the global collective of Muslims that the Prophet Muhammad described. The thesis shows that the Sufi orders in Singapore are not only held together by spiritual allegiances that bind them with their masters and companions transglobally and transhistorically, but also by the soundworlds and sonic practices that they engage in weekly. I propose the notion of the sonic *ummah* to theorise how Singaporean Sufis form a local *ummah* bounded by sound and sonic practices, one in which sound is a key thread that connects them to other parts of the global Islamic *ummah*. As this thesis shows, through sound they are not only connected to other members of their spiritual path and with that, other Muslims, but more importantly, they are connected to God and the Prophet Muhammad whose presence they feel in sound and listening.
Controlled Access
Out of Prison: Towards a Poetic Freedom
Planells Schiaffino, Josep
The starting point of the present work is a statement made by György Ligeti in 1993. In it, the Hungarian composer expressed his concern to escape both the dangers of traditionalist conventionalism and avant-garde mannerisms. Almost 30 years later, to these Scylla and Charybdis I believe we should add a third danger: that of Postmodernity. My artistic response is based on the conviction that these three artistic paradigms are obsolete today. That is why in the present work I expound, from a critical attitude towards these aesthetic approaches, my own, ‘oblique’ position. In an attempt to avoid any kind of epigonism, my path consists of abstract reflections on functional categories. Hence, my research focuses less on material than on its grammar and formal articulation. Accordingly, I concentrate on a thorough analysis of harmonic and rhythmic relations in my music, and on their implications within different formal contexts. By commenting from different points of view, I intend to illuminate where my poetic search is heading: while in *Con sprezzatura* and *Album* I emphasise different strategies for variation, in my opera *Aufbruch* I stress musical-theatrical relationships, taking in a study of rhythmic prose. From the large orchestral piece *Torna* I comment only on one section to illustrate the idea of a ‘deferred climax’ that does not come to fruition. My conclusion is that, for the sake of poetic freedom – and without losing sight of the fact that the ultimate aim of artistic creation is to move the listener – my path is moving progressively towards greater integration, reduction and concentration of expression.
Embargo
Becoming Persian Music: A Poststructuralist Approach to Composition
Samadi, Saman
This research embarks upon an innovative exploration of poststructuralist compositional methodologies grounded in Persian musical and linguistic traditions. It undertakes this inquiry within the encompassing ambit of an interdisciplinary framework, intertwining (ethno)musicology, conceptual history, music theory, sociopolitical thought, semiotics, linguistics, and postmodern philosophy. The overarching objective is to meticulously scrutinise philosophical constructs, including the notions of *difference*, *rhizome*, *becoming*, *complexity*, and a panoply of cognate concepts, elucidating these through a poststructuralist prism, thereby articulating their pragmatic applications within the sphere of my compositional practice. Through the harmonious amalgamation of Persian musical modalities, the prosody inherent in Persian poetry, and Persian calligraphic forms, a complex sonic domain is conceived—a musical realm that transcends the static ontology of Being, instead embodying the continual process of Becoming Persian music. The Persian classical musical modal system, ensconced in a state of relative stasis for centuries, stands as a testament to tradition's resilience. This research, however, is driven by a fascination with the historical evolution of Western classical music from its medieval origins to the present day, and it prompts an introspective reevaluation of my own compositional praxis—an endeavour deeply enmeshed in the interwoven realms of Persian music, visual arts, and literary discourse. This introspection leads to critical inquiries: How can Persian music adapt within the ever-shifting contours of the postmodern world? How can Persian modalities be ingeniously harnessed to expand the horizons of timbral potentialities? How can the multifaceted web of tradition be reconceptualised through an integrative theoretical framework in practice, thereby fostering a novel approach to music composition, one that draws upon the indispensable attributes of Persian music? This research rigorously examines the persistent challenges of inequality afflicting societies, both domestically and internationally, with a particular focus on the complex dynamics between the East and the West. In the context of an increasingly pervasive wave of globalisation, I endeavour to propose a paradigm shift in the realm of Persian music composition, drawing from the principles of poststructuralism, with the aim of propelling it toward becoming *glocal*.
Open Access
Metaphors for Listening in Johann Sebastian Bach's Germany
Seow, Mark
Bach studies has traditionally sought to decipher the theological meanings of Bach’s music. The role of the analyst has left performers with little agency: their job, ostensibly, has been to recognise and make audible the theological meanings that Bach’s musical notation encodes. Within this paradigm, listeners have potentially even less to contribute. They merely detect what has already been detected. This project seeks to explore how Bach’s music functioned beyond such modes of exegesis. I propose a historically oriented approach to Bach’s sacred cantatas that understands musical listening and performance as ways in which faith was embodied and cultivated by believers. This thesis examines three metaphors that circulated in devotional writings of early modern Lutheran Germany to reconstruct and reimagine congregational listening experiences of a Bach cantata. I employ historical metaphor as a framework through which listeners felt music to work tangibly on and in their bodies during a cantata performance, as well as how they used music to fashion themselves into better Christians. Each of the three chapters is dedicated to a metaphor prevalent in early modern Lutheran Germany. The first chapter looks at the metaphor of music as liquid. I establish flow as a concept central to how early modern Lutherans understood music to come from God, move between performers, reach a listener, and affect change in a listener’s body. The second chapter is dedicated to the metaphor of farming. Lutherans were taught to cultivate their hearts as if farmland, and good listening was the process of bringing God’s Word-seed to fruition. I explore congregational listening as something that shifted between different aspects of the metaphor: aural attention could constitute forms of agricultural labour, growth, and propagation. The third chapter explores the status of music as different kinds of wind. I show how Lutherans experienced church music as an aerated mixture which included the breeze of the Holy Spirit. Musical analyses in each chapter test out these modes of listening. As a whole, this thesis calls for historical listening to be understood as something multiple, embodied, and imaginative. It seeks to understand listening as a much broader set of acts that stretch beyond the temporal limits and spatial context of a specific musical performance.
Open Access
Beyond Italian Opera. Manuel García in postcolonial Mexico City (1826-1828)
Milella, Francesco
The thesis 'Beyond Italian opera. Manuel García in postcolonial Mexico City (1826-1828)' examines the operatic activities of the tenor and composer Manuel García in Mexico City between 1826 and 1828, and how they intersected with the Mexican nation-building project in the aftermath of independence from Spain. Building from the small body of previous academic work on the topic, my thesis aims to rethink these years as a short yet critical step in the cultural transition of Mexico into its postcolonial identity. Arriving at a period when Italian opera was widely viewed by the new Latin American elites as a powerful marker of civilisation against the perceived backwardness of the colonial state, García appeared to offer a chance for Mexico to emerge as a culturally modern nation in the new Atlantic geography of the post-Napoleonic world. As soon as his performances began, however, García’s music presented local audiences with an unexpected problem, in revealing new approaches to Italian opera which did not correspond with what Mexican audiences had come to know under that name during the cultural domination of the Bourbon empire. Drawing upon a wide array of primary sources, the thesis investigates how opposed understandings of operatic italianità collided in Mexico, leading to new ways of composing, performing and thinking about Italian opera. The first part of the thesis focuses on the encounter between García himself and the operatic world in Mexico (chapter 1), as well as the various misconceptions that preceded and shaped this encounter (chapter 2). The second part considers the impact that García’s performances and compositions had in Mexico City, from his first stagings of European works (chapter 3) to his initial attempts to adapt to his local audience (chapter 4 and 5), to his final bid for local success and his return to Paris (chapter 6). In particular, my thesis investigates García’s corpus of Mexican operas as part of a wider network of transatlantic exchanges and local interactions where political and cultural frameworks of the past (Spanish colonialism) and the present (Europe cultural imperialism) were continuously contested and renegotiated. This work therefore offers new perspectives for rethinking the composition and performance of Italian bel canto in Latin America in the early nineteenth century as a complex process that, by welcoming yet also challenging the cultural authority of Europe, helped to shape new American identities.
Open Access
Georg Philipp Telemann and the Invention of 'the Polish Style': Musical Polishness in the Early Modern German Imagination
Newton-Jackson, Paul
This dissertation explores the history and cultural significance of Polish-style music and dance across early modern German lands, focusing on the composer Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767), who was regarded by his contemporaries as a leading practitioner of ‘the Polish style’ of composition. Although references to ‘Polish’ music and dance are abundant in German-language sources from the sixteenth century onwards, it is rarely clear what early modern subjects meant when referring to music as being ‘in a Polish style’. The historical record seems rife with contradiction and ambiguity concerning the origins, musical features and – most importantly – socio-cultural connotations of these repertoires. In some sources, Polish-style music is associated with the splendour of courtly ceremony, while in others, it is linked with peasant musicians and dancing bears. Likewise, some writers viewed Polish-style music as the paragon of masculinity, while others decried its effeminate qualities. And for some witnesses, Polishness in music was understood in terms of on-the-page musical elements; for others, it was manifest in the sounds of certain instruments and performance practices. I resolve these apparent contradictions by deconstructing the idea of a single well-defined concept of Polish-style music. I show that several different traditions of music and dance were considered ‘Polish’ for different reasons by different early modern communities. Far from representing a long-standing and widely recognised mode of music-making, ‘the Polish style’ is, I argue, best understood as the invention of Telemann and his Hamburg circle. This ‘new’ style was a synthesis of pre-existing traditions, which Telemann applied creatively to a host of novel compositional contexts. Exploring these traditions separately allows us to situate individual instances of what I term ‘musical Polishness’ (that is, music described as ‘Polish’ by non-Poles) within the daily lives of the early modern Germans who sang, played, danced and listened to this music. In the process, I challenge the notion that Polish-style music was widely perceived as exotic or ‘other’. Instead, these repertoires often reveal porous borders, entangled identities and shared cultural practices, thus destabilising recent narratives of an East-West geopolitical divide in early modern Europe.
Open Access
Musical Communication in the Twenty-First Century
Lisney, Joy
Music is a powerful means of communication. It transcends barriers of language, time and space, generates infinite variations of expression and can produce profound emotional responses. In the twentieth century, however, the composer became an increasingly isolated figure and the quest for the avant-garde pushed many listeners away from contemporary music. This portfolio and the accompanying commentary examine how a composer working in the twenty-first century might reconcile creative originality with music’s primary aim - communication with a live audience. To this end, I have drawn on my experience as both composer and performer in the composition of six new works ranging from music for solo cello to music for symphony orchestra and choir. The first two pieces, ScordaturA and Thread of the Infinite, have performance issues at the centre of their composition. Prelude, Fugue and Postlude and Im Walde are considered mostly in terms of their reference to existing music, a strategy which can help audiences to understand the idiom of new music by associating it with something familiar. In my discussion of the final two pieces, Snaer and Viriditas, I focus on the use of modes.
Open Access
Orchestration in the Operas of Richard Wagner
Reeve, Edward Alexander Morrison
Orchestration has remained remarkably underrepresented in the field of Wagner scholarship, despite the fact that Wagner’s treatment of the orchestra was recognised as exceptional within his lifetime and has been consistently praised since. David Trippett, for example, has cited orchestration in the years around Lohengrin as “perhaps Wagner’s only compositional parameter to escape ridicule during a decade shot through with partisan criticism”, while Richard Strauss claimed in 1904 that Wagner’s operas “mark the only noteworthy progress in the art of instrumentation since Berlioz”. The aim of the dissertation is to achieve a better understanding of both the importance of orchestration in Wagner’s output and the significance of Wagner within the development of orchestration. The singular ontological position of orchestration between the practical and the aesthetic justifies a methodology that combines positivistic and interpretative strategies. A synthetic approach is needed to bridge several disparate perspectives on Wagner’s orchestration, whether the systematic, data-driven angles of Eugen Thomas and Egon Voss, the broader theorisation of scholars such as Theodor Adorno and Tobias Janz, or the performance-based practical experience of commentators such as Richard Strauss and Pierre Boulez. In addition, the dissertation embraces thought in other musicological spheres, such as the role of instruments and the orchestral medium as “agents”, traditions of associating woodwind voices with genders, and Wagner’s interaction with scientific debates of his day. The first chapter examines Wagner’s relationship with the orchestra and with the emerging concept of “orchestration”. The second and third chapters explore two principal dimensions to Wagner’s treatment of the orchestra: texture and sonority. Ultimately, the aims of the dissertation are to provide new historical, theoretical and analytical approaches to Wagner’s treatment of the orchestra, and, for the first time, to treat the composer’s orchestration as on a par with other musical parameters.
Open Access
Improvising Otherwise: Sound, Nature, and Coloniality in Early Modern England
Lahham, Fatima
Improvisation can be a mode of imagining otherwise: a practice that allows us to re-consider and question ways of writing, sounding, and being in the world. In this thesis I use improvisation as a lens through which we can listen to alternative stories of early modern English music history, situating my musical research within histories of the body, sounds of nature, Anglo-Ottoman relations, and the coloniality of the travelogue. Through reading theological texts, travelogues, literature about the natural world, plays, poetry, and music theory treatises, I develop deeply contextual understandings of historical improvisation practices that have the potential to transform historical performance practice today. My work unfolds over four main areas. First, I focus on improvisation and the body in contexts of ‘extemporary’ prayer, listening to ways in which improvised prayer practice was described as an embodied (and sometimes transgressive) practice. I demonstrate that extemporary practices were premised on notions of classical memory arts, and the idea that sensory experiences left imprints on the body. These imprints could then be ‘read’ in the process of improvisation. Critiques of improvisations that were considered transgressive thus often created boundaries around the body and its improvisations, implicating notions of otherness. Second, I turn to two English travelogues and one work of speculative fiction, reading them as performative and improvisatory scripts of reciprocal encounter. I consider depictions of improvising Ottoman subjects in the Levant, as well as reconceptualising the travelogue itself as a series of scripted improvisations enacted by the travellers. I suggest that these texts also became a means for readers back home to enact ‘vicarious’ travel and participate in processes of world-making. Third, I explore sounds of the natural world that were theorised as improvised/extemporary and heard in ways that draw on boundaries of ‘the human’ and religious/racial ‘other’. I focus on texts about the nightingale and the bee, exploring how the bee’s genders and the nightingale’s tongues affected the ways in which they were constructed as improvising queens. I examine how histories of natural sound add to historical associations of improvisation with ‘otherness’, and how these associations are intimately entwined with histories of gender and coloniality. Finally, I explore how my contextual research into improvisation can allow us to rethink our relationships to early modern musical texts and the role of historical imagination in music-making today. Through readings of early modern music theory treatises and discussions of my own practice as heard on the accompanying album, I argue that historical improvisation could become a space for historical re-conceptualisation and political reimagination, enabling the ‘historically-informed’ musician/music historian to experiment with practices of improvising ‘otherwise’.
Open Access
Life, Work and the Individual Classical Performer: Maria Yudina's Artistic Practice and Imagination, 1947–70
Behan, Adam; Behan, Adam [0000-0003-4796-3720]
The detailed study of individual classical performers has traditionally been restricted to the genre of music biography, one which is rich in contextualisation but light on direct engagement with the performer’s abilities as captured in recordings. More recent approaches to performance use empirical techniques to quantify and discuss what is termed performer ‘style’, but often without embedding that style within the context of said performer’s life or cultural surroundings. In other words, there is a methodological rift of sorts between biographical and empirical approaches to performers, one which creates a sharp divide between life and work. In this thesis, I attempt to integrate them through a study of the twentieth-century Russian pianist Maria Veniaminovna Yudina (1899–1970), a neglected but enormously significant musician in the Soviet Union. I consider these issues and introduce Yudina in Chapters 1–2. I then undertake several case studies based around Yudina’s discography. In Chapters 3–4, I explore Yudina’s romantic and baroque repertoire by comparing her performances in live concerts with studio recordings, framing the differences and their significance in terms of recent theories of liveness. The concert hall emerges as a key venue for Yudina’s artistic practice in which she experimented and took risks that are not found in her studio recordings, pointing to the importance of performance setting as a contextualising factor in studies of recordings. In Chapter 5, I analyse her recordings of contemporary repertoire in the context of her place within 1960s Soviet vnye culture and her ‘new’ music ideals. In Chapters 6–7, I discuss two of her last sets of recordings in relation to detailed essays that she wrote to accompany them. I argue that her interpretation of Musorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition constitutes a performance of Russian national identity, one geared toward community building underpinned by a Russian Orthodox faith. I approach her last set of recordings for solo piano—six Brahms intermezzos—as an act of autobiographical making based around themes of loss, mortality and nostalgia, all of which I conceptualise in terms of the idea of lateness. I conclude with two main points. First, I draw out the implications of Yudina’s varying performing strategies across baroque, romantic and contemporary repertoire, arguing for a move away from style and towards a framework of craft. Second, I assess the prospects (and perils) of integrative approaches to a performer’s artistry for performance studies and musicology more generally.
Embargo
Modes of Resistance: Memory, Language and Identity in the Performance of Assyrian Liturgy in Iraq and Beyond
Pakbaz, Rashel
As an ancient eastern rite, the Assyrian Church of the East liturgy and music have been the guardian of the Assyrian Christian faith, language and culture for more than a millennium. With the Church’s core activities happening in Mesopotamia, its liturgical music provides additional insight into the history of musical developments in the region, tells the story of Assyrians as a people and culture and recounts their perseverance through a series of persecutions and migrations. Accordingly, this project studies the advancement of several modal systems in the region to determine this tradition’s position in the context of the Middle Eastern music theory. Consequently, this work explores modal aspects of this music and different schools of performance using music analysis and ethnographic data collected in Iraq, Iran, the United Kingdom and the United States. This thesis also studies the role the liturgical music of the Assyrian Church of the East plays in the preservation and presentation of Assyrian ethnic identity, especially after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the rise of ISIS in 2014, by further focusing on the martyrs’ hymn as a chant genre and the relationship between the liturgical language and music. Finally, this study investigates the connection between this musical repertoire and Assyrian musicians through two case studies, including a church musician in Iraq and an Assyrian pop singer in Chicago, to further examine the Church community’s perception of their liturgical music as guardian of tradition and signifier of Assyrianness.
Open Access
The Creation of Parisian Organum Purum: Office Organa Dupla in the MLO Sources
Allison, Chloe Nicola
This study explores how late twelfth- and early thirteenth-century musicians working in Paris created organum purum. Organum purum is a way of singing chant in two voices that involves the notes of the chant melody being sustained for many times their usual length underneath long and elaborate melismas sung in a newly-fashioned upper voice. Previous scholars have considered the creation of organum purum through the lenses of the medieval ars memoriae and Vatican Organum Treatise (VOT). In this study, detailed analysis of the purum melodies recorded for the extant repertory of thirty-six organa dupla on chants for the office collected in W1 (Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Guelf. 628 Helmst.), F (Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Pluteus 29.1) and W2 (Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Guelf. 1099 Helmst.) provides the basis for a new assessment of creative processes. The first half of this dissertation present the results of a wide-ranging comparison of the creative procedures evident in all of these upper-voice melodies. They were mostly made in similar ways, indicating that Parisian musicians shared a creative idiom that supported many different aspects of this polyphonic practice. This idiom included, among other things, shared ways of using large intervals and repeated notes, techniques for beginning and ending sections and a set of strategies for developing melodies. Having outlined this basic creative idiom, I then compare different transmissions of organal settings of individual chants in order to determine what the similarities and differences between them might reveal about how musicians created organum purum. Edward Roesner is the only previous scholar to have compared different settings to these ends. In Chapter 4, I engage closely with his suggestion that musicians transmitted models which were not complete, and might sometimes have comprised only consonances and outlined only elements of melodic shape. Singers would then have ‘realised’ these models in different ways, leading to the recording of what might be regarded as the ‘same organum’ in different ways in the extant manuscripts. I propose an alternative hypothesis: that there were two processes that led to the same organum being recorded in different ways. First, musicians deliberately varied melodies, sometimes singing what was originally the same melody in substantially different ways. Second, sometimes they sang different and unrelated settings of individual passages or whole sections within an organum. Any sharing of consonances or melodic detail between such passages is more likely to have been the result of their creation having been supported by the same creative idiom, rather than the two sharing a skeleton model. Passages that are entirely different settings of the same portion of chant are considered in Chapter 5, where the melodies in the W1, F and W2 collections are compared stylistically. The majority of these melodies were created in similar ways, but there are a significant number of melodies in F and W2 that were formulated differently. This means that, even though the W1 office dupla contain the most unica material, that unica material is not stylistically idiosyncratic. Instead, it is the F and W2 repertories that contain more idiosyncratic elements: melodies made up of reusable building blocks shared across different organa and which involve considerably less repetition and development than the majority of purum melodies. This suggests that, despite W1 having been made at St Andrews in Scotland, its repertory of organa dupla for the office was for the most part Parisian, at least from a stylistic point of view. The last chapter considers the possibility of further distinct creative styles. These are evident in the remaining office dupla that are recorded only in W1 or F. These pieces include two sets of three organa, which may have been copied from different exemplars from the other pieces in the collections. They contain melodies unlike those found elsewhere in the extant repertory. It is possible that these give a glimpse of creative styles that were developed by singers at others institutions from those whose practice was recorded in the rest of the office dupla collections. The different analyses and detailed comparisons carried out in this dissertation allow fixed, notated organa dupla to act as records of creative practices. They make it possible to understand not just how those organa which happen to have survived were created but also how various different communities of musicians created organum purum more widely. By the time the extant manuscripts were copied, probably at least fifty years after organum purum was first sung in Paris, there were most likely particular versions of some of the office organa that were sung frequently. Comparing large numbers of the extant organa and considering the creative processes to which they bear witness, however, can give a glimpse of all the polyphony that was sung and never notated, or that was notated but which did not survive.
Open Access
Constructing Landscapes: Towards a Hybrid Tonality
(2021-11-27) Brammeld, Christopher
This thesis consists of a portfolio of five score-based compositions and a commentary associated with each work. There are two instrumental works and three vocal works. The two instrumental works are String Quartet No. 2 and Three Winter Landscapes: Triptych for Orchestra. The three vocal works are Winter Pass (for high voice and piano), In Memoriam (for soprano, flute, clarinet in A, violin and cello), and Marvellous Sweet Music (for two sopranos, two clarinets in B flat and two cellos). Winter Pass is a song cycle on texts by Edward Thomas, while In Memoriam comprises five settings of different war poets, namely, A. E. Housman, Edward Thomas, Leslie Coulson, Richard Aldington, and Willoughby Weaving. Marvellous Sweet Music sets texts from The Tempest, by William Shakespeare. There were two primary considerations in the composition of these works. The first (poetic) element is concerned with how musical sound is made to become a representation of a real or imagined landscape. While in the two instrumental works the landscape is entirely imagined, the landscape in the three vocal works is very much suggested by the texts. Particularly in the two song cycles of war poetry, the texts are very expressionistic, and I attempt to re-create something of the vividness of the poets’ writing. The Shakespeare settings, by contrast, perhaps represent a blend of real and imagined: to the characters within the play, their world is very real, but it is a world imagined by Shakespeare. The second (technical) element is concerned with how the music is actually constructed. My primary consideration here was to blend and juxtapose a variety of different compositional techniques: a hybrid tonality. These techniques include (but are not limited to): traditional tonal harmony (e.g. major, minor, and extended triads), non-functional harmony, controlling levels of perceived consonance and dissonance, multi-tonality, and free atonality. The appendix to the thesis contains my Harmonic Method on Scales of Increasing Intervals, a set of synthetic scales that can be used to create a set of thirteen four-note chords, as well as several earlier works which give context to the present ones.
Open Access
Common Time: Music, Empathy, and a Politics of Care
Cao, Erica
Frameworks for the application of the arts in community settings tend to focus on the development of individuals’ empathy or social bonds. A commensurate level of consideration tends not to be given to the socio-economic, political, and institutional forces and processes that shape such development and to how the arts might help build capacities to manage the impact of such forces and processes. The recognition of persons as interdependent in systems reliant on mutual care has implications for applications of the arts in many specialised domains as well as in general public life. Especially in clinical or social interventions, unrecognised institutional dynamics may introduce or maintain imbalances of power in community and professional practice. Music, as a participatory and temporal activity facilitating social synchrony, can foster dialogic and reciprocal relations in social life. To systematise and study a participatory music activity on an organisational and community level, I designed and implemented two collaborative songwriting programs in clinical and social service settings carried out through the nonprofit organisation, Humans in Harmony. One activity, music corps¸ was a two-month program in New York City involving participants from colleges and social service organisations serving adults with disabilities, at-risk youth, and nursing home residents. Another activity, implemented through a Humans in Harmony chapter at Columbia University Medical Center, paired health professional students with patients in palliative care support groups. Ethnographic observations and participant interviews revealed that engagement in interpersonal processes aligned with a capabilities-informed approach which emphasised social reciprocity, well-being, and flourishing. Moreover, evaluations of the activities through pre- and post-program measures supported a hypothesis of enhancement of interpersonal closeness and in attitudes about empathy and care. Such participatory approaches may offer new frameworks for the application of the arts in response to current geopolitical and cultural challenges.
Open Access
Performing History: Bach Pianism in Britain, 1920–35
Riley, Pierre
The canonical repertoire of Western art music – and, by association, the pantheon of its progenitors – exists both as history and in the living, sounding present. It undergoes reinvention and renegotiation through performance and related activities, prompting reflection on how to account for its multi-faceted ontology. This study applies an array of methodologies to the task of describing and contextualising performance acts with the aim of gaining a more nuanced understanding of one repertoire in one historical time and place. The early decades of the twentieth century were a time of sustained interest in Bach’s music in British musical culture. That interest was manifested with exceptional intensity in the performing, editing, and recording of his keyboard works by pianists. Such a range of phenomena, along with attendant discourses, reveals a historically and culturally situated portrait of the composer as he was understood in Britain between 1920 and 1935. The research questions underlying this enquiry fall into two categories: those related to Bach, and those related to the interaction of performance and history. (1) How did the events of the decades preceding the 1920s shape the way in which Bach and his keyboard works were perceived in Britain? (2) How, by whom, when and where were Bach’s keyboard works performed live, recorded, edited, discussed, taught etc. in Britain during the 1920s and 1930s? Then, (3) How does this range of activity form a more broadly conceived historical narrative? (4) How does the historical context enrich our understanding of the performances themselves? Although it attends to performances and, more generally, to the concerns of the performer, this study is not limited to describing historically situated practices. It seeks more nuanced perspectives on issues such as wider patterns of Bach reception in the twentieth century; how canonical repertoires come to be understood, appreciated, and performed across borders and through time; and finally, how history may be written on the basis of performance events.
Open Access
'A New Type of Part Writing': Notation and Performance in Beethoven's Late String Quartets
Stroud, Rachel
Beethoven’s late string quartets are among his most extraordinary and elusive works. A source of fascination to performers, audiences and scholars alike for nearly two centuries, they are defined by an aesthetic of ‘difficulty’. This thesis argues that one crucial source of difficulty lies in Beethoven’s eccentric uses of notation in the quartets – a difficulty that has had profound implications for the future study and performance of the works. Mirroring the stylistic pluralities of the late quartets themselves, issues of notation and performance are explored through a variety of methodologies, drawn from the digital humanities, Peircean semiotics, anthropology and critical theory. Although the late quartets are the central impetus, this thesis is ultimately about the relational nature of creativity. It conceives of notation not as a textual codification of the composer’s intentions, a private act of composition in the mind, but rather as a mediating material that describes, enacts, engenders, and is dependent upon, social activity. Using Wagner’s notion of Beethoven’s ‘Hearing Eyes’, Chapter 1 considers the influences of Beethoven’s material, writerly approach to composition in his later years and the peculiarly textual emphasis of the quartets’ early reception. Through an analogy with maps and scores, it highlights the importance of considering notation from the perspective of individual performers’ parts. Chapter 2 situates the notational complexity of the late quartets within Beethoven’s entire output through the use of computational methods and statistical analysis. In contrast, Chapter 3 maps a networked understanding of Beethoven’s notation and explores its inextricable entanglement in the social, political and technological currents of 1820s Vienna. Using Alfred Gell’s theory of art and agency, Chapter 4 extends this network to include non-human actors and examines the different ‘material lives’ of the string quartets, both past and present. Ethnographic methods and the insights of twenty-first-century performers are employed to situate this material agency in practice in Chapter 5. The final chapter engages Theodor Adorno’s seminal work on Beethoven’s late style to mediate a very personal source of insight into the unique difficulties of the late quartets: my own, as performer, scholar and listener.