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Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Guidelines for virtual early childhood and family learning: An equity, diversity, inclusion, and decolonization-informed systematic review of the literature(SAGE Publications, 2023-10-25) Heydon, Rachel; Akiwenzie, Elizabeth; Cooper, Emma; Ghannoum, Hanaa; Havord-Wier, Danielle; Johns, Bronwyn; MacAlpine, Kelly-Ann; McKee, Lori; Nagle, Joelle; Neeganagwedgin, Erica; Potts, Danica Pawlick; Poczobut, Sandra; Coelho, Carla Ruthes; Stooke, Anna; Tran, Annie; Zhang, Zheng; Havord-Wier, Danielle [0000-0001-8256-7083]; Zhang, Zheng [0000-0002-5794-0664]This article presents an equity-informed systematic review of research pertinent to the offering of virtual early childhood education programming to young children and their families. Findings are presented as guidelines which may shape the delivery of future programming within virtual contexts. These findings are organized within three major areas that were identified through the methodology: Building Connections and Fostering Online Relationships; Interactive Virtual Programming, Digital Tools, and Responsiveness; and Digital Technologies, Considerations for Access, Use, Professional Learning, and Safety. Findings highlight that developing inclusive, meaningful, and collaborative programs within virtual spaces is necessary for maximizing the learning opportunities and engagement of all children and families. Developing such services requires the careful negotiation and consideration of a range of worldviews, knowledges, priorities, and interests within unique families and contexts. Practice implications are drawn from the research, opportunities for pedagogical change are identified, and future research needs are provided.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed A novel family of defensin-like peptides from Hermetia illucens with antibacterial properties(BioMed Central, 2024-05-16) Fahmy, Leila; Generalovic, Tomas; Ali, Youssif M.; Seilly, David; Sivanesan, Kesavan; Kalmar, Lajos; Pipan, Miha; Christie, Graham; Grant, Andrew JBackground: The world faces a major infectious disease challenge. Interest in the discovery, design, or development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as an alternative approach for the treatment of bacterial infections has increased. Insects are a good source of AMPs which are the main effector molecules of their innate immune system. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) are being developed for large-scale rearing for food sustainability, waste reduction and as sustainable animal and fish feed. Bioinformatic studies have suggested that BSFL have the largest number of AMPs identified in insects. However, most AMPs identified in BSF have not yet undergone antimicrobial evaluation but are promising leads to treat critical infections. Results: Jg7197.t1, Jg7902.t1 and Jg7904.t1 were expressed into the haemolymph of larvae following infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and were predicted to be AMPs using the computational tool ampir. The genes encoding these proteins were within 2 distinct clusters in chromosome 1 of the BSF genome. Following removal of signal peptides, predicted structures of the mature proteins were superimposed, highlighting a high degree of structural conservation. The 3 AMPs share primary sequences with proteins that contain a Kunitz-binding domain; characterised for inhibitory action against proteases, and antimicrobial activities. An in vitro antimicrobial screen indicated that heterologously expressed SUMO-Jg7197.t1 and SUMO-Jg7902.t1 did not show activity against 12 bacterial strains. While recombinant SUMO-Jg7904.t1 had antimicrobial activity against a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including the serious pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: We have cloned and purified putative AMPs from BSFL and performed initial in vitro experiments to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. In doing so, we have identified a putative novel defensin-like AMP, Jg7904.t1, encoded in a paralogous gene cluster, with antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Promoting equality, diversity and inclusion in research and funding: reflections from a digital manufacturing research network(BioMed Central, 2024-05-16) Fisher, Oliver J.; Fearnshaw, Debra; Watson, Nicholas J.; Green, Peter; Charnley, Fiona; McFarlane, Duncan; Sharples, Sarah; Fearnshaw, Debra [0000-0002-6498-9888]Background: Equal, diverse, and inclusive teams lead to higher productivity, creativity, and greater problem-solving ability resulting in more impactful research. However, there is a gap between equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) research and practices to create an inclusive research culture. Research networks are vital to the research ecosystem, creating valuable opportunities for researchers to develop their partnerships with both academics and industrialists, progress their careers, and enable new areas of scientific discovery. A feature of a network is the provision of funding to support feasibility studies – an opportunity to develop new concepts or ideas, as well as to ‘fail fast’ in a supportive environment. The work of networks can address inequalities through equitable allocation of funding and proactive consideration of inclusion in all of their activities. Methods: This study proposes a strategy to embed EDI within research network activities and funding review processes. This paper evaluates 21 planned mitigations introduced to address known inequalities within research events and how funding is awarded. EDI data were collected from researchers engaging in a digital manufacturing network activities and funding calls to measure the impact of the proposed method. Results: Quantitative analysis indicates that the network’s approach was successful in creating a more ethnically diverse network, engaging with early career researchers, and supporting researchers with care responsibilities. However, more work is required to create a gender balance across the network activities and ensure the representation of academics who declare a disability. Preliminary findings suggest the network’s anonymous funding review process has helped address inequalities in funding award rates for women and those with care responsibilities, more data are required to validate these observations and understand the impact of different interventions individually and in combination. Conclusions: In summary, this study offers compelling evidence regarding the efficacy of a research network's approach in advancing EDI within research and funding. The network hopes that these findings will inform broader efforts to promote EDI in research and funding and that researchers, funders, and other stakeholders will be encouraged to adopt evidence-based strategies for advancing this important goal.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Barriers and facilitators to social prescribing in child and youth mental health: perspectives from the frontline(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023-07-05) Hayes, D.; Olsson, A.; Begum, S.; Bertotti, M.; Jarvis-Beesley, P.; Stapley, E.; Hayes, D. [0000-0003-4948-3333]There is growing interest in the role of Social Prescribing (SP) to help promote mental well-being and support individuals with mental health difficulties. Yet, implementation of SP to children and young people (CYP) has proved slow and underdeveloped compared with adult populations. Understanding the barriers and facilitators will help key stakeholders to better embed SP for CYP into practice. Using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), a comprehensive, theoretical-led framework, underpinned by 33 behaviour change theories and 128 constructs, perceived barriers and facilitators to SP were investigated. The sample comprised of 11 Link Workers and 9 individuals involved in facilitating SP with CYP, who took part in semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were analysed using a deductive thematic analysis, and themes were coded under each theoretical domain. Overall, 33 barriers and facilitators for SP were identified across 12 domains of the TDF. Under capability, barriers and facilitators were found for knowledge, skills, memory/attention/decision making processes, and behavioural regulation. For opportunity, barriers and facilitators were found for social/professional influences, as well as environmental context and resources. Finally, for motivation, domains covered included: beliefs about consequences, beliefs about capabilities, optimism, motivations/goals, reinforcement, and emotions. Findings suggest that a wide range of barriers and facilitators affect the implementation of CYP SP to improve mental health and well-being. Interventions which target different domains related to capability, opportunity and motivation should be developed to better facilitate CYP SP.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Stochastic Primal–Dual Hybrid Gradient Algorithm with Adaptive Step Sizes(Springer US, 2024-03-16) Chambolle, Antonin; Delplancke, Claire; Ehrhardt, Matthias J.; Schönlieb, Carola-Bibiane; Tang, JunqiIn this work, we propose a new primal–dual algorithm with adaptive step sizes. The stochastic primal–dual hybrid gradient (SPDHG) algorithm with constant step sizes has become widely applied in large-scale convex optimization across many scientific fields due to its scalability. While the product of the primal and dual step sizes is subject to an upper-bound in order to ensure convergence, the selection of the ratio of the step sizes is critical in applications. Up-to-now there is no systematic and successful way of selecting the primal and dual step sizes for SPDHG. In this work, we propose a general class of adaptive SPDHG (A-SPDHG) algorithms and prove their convergence under weak assumptions. We also propose concrete parameters-updating strategies which satisfy the assumptions of our theory and thereby lead to convergent algorithms. Numerical examples on computed tomography demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Taking a shortcut: what mechanisms do fish use?(Nature Publishing Group UK, 2024-05-16) Sibeaux, Adelaide; Newport, Cait; Green, Jonathan P.; Karlsson, Cecilia; Engelmann, Jacob; Burt de Perera, Theresa; Sibeaux, Adelaide [0000-0002-3340-3741]; Karlsson, Cecilia [0000-0001-8986-8444]; Engelmann, Jacob [0000-0002-1054-0938]Path integration is a powerful navigational mechanism whereby individuals continuously update their distance and angular vector of movement to calculate their position in relation to their departure location, allowing them to return along the most direct route even across unfamiliar terrain. While path integration has been investigated in several terrestrial animals, it has never been demonstrated in aquatic vertebrates, where movement occurs through volumetric space and sensory cues available for navigation are likely to differ substantially from those in terrestrial environments. By performing displacement experiments with Lamprologus ocellatus, we show evidence consistent with fish using path integration to navigate alongside other mechanisms (allothetic place cues and route recapitulation). These results indicate that the use of path integration is likely to be deeply rooted within the vertebrate phylogeny irrespective of the environment, and suggests that fish may possess a spatial encoding system that parallels that of mammals.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Mechanical-scan-free multicolor super-resolution imaging with diffractive spot array illumination(Nature Publishing Group UK, 2024-05-16) Xu, Ning; Bohndiek, Sarah E.; Li, Zexing; Zhang, Cilong; Tan, Qiaofeng; Xu, Ning [0000-0001-7419-319X]; Bohndiek, Sarah E. [0000-0003-0371-8635]; Zhang, Cilong [0000-0002-1105-2215]; Tan, Qiaofeng [0000-0003-3475-6394]Point-scanning microscopy approaches are transforming super-resolution imaging. Despite achieving parallel high-speed imaging using multifocal techniques, efficient multicolor imaging methods with high-quality illumination are currently lacking. In this paper, we present for the first time Mechanical-scan-free multiColor Super-resolution Microscopy (MCoSM) with spot array illumination, which enables mechanical-scan-free super-resolution imaging with adjustable resolution and a good effective field-of-view based on spatial light modulators. Through 100–2,500 s super-resolution spot illumination with different effective fields of view for imaging, we demonstrate the adjustable capacity of MCoSM. MCoSM extends existing spectral imaging capabilities through a time-sharing process involving different color illumination with phase-shift scanning while retaining the spatial flexibility of super-resolution imaging with diffractive spot array illumination. To demonstrate the prospects of MCoSM, we perform four-color imaging of fluorescent beads at high resolution. MCoSM provides a versatile platform for studying molecular interactions in complex samples at the nanoscale level.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Sleeping soundly? Testing the links between sleep quality and neurodevelopmental characteristics(SAGE Publications, 2024-05-16) Bettencourt, Madalena V.; Mareva, Silvana; The CALM team; Astle, Duncan E.; Bettencourt, Madalena V. [0009-0009-9224-278X]Sleep plays a major role in child development and sleep problems have been implicated in several neurodevelopmental conditions. However, its exact role in these conditions remains unknown. Co-occurrence is a core challenge of the existing diagnostic framework, with many advocating for a transdiagnostic approach to studying neurodevelopment. In this exploratory investigation, we look at a transdiagnostic sample of 299 children to (1) identify and compare data-driven sleep profiles and explore their links to behaviour, cognition and learning and (2) use a network approach to simultaneously characterise the relationship between sleep and symptoms of behaviour, communication and mental health. Cluster analysis identified two sleep profiles – regular sleepers and poor sleepers. Between-group comparisons showed that poor sleepers disproportionately experienced poorer emotion regulation, peer relationships and structural language. The network analysis suggested that after statistically accounting for the overlap between symptoms of behaviour, communication and mental health, sleep remained directly linked to multiple symptoms, with a particularly strong relationship with emotion regulation. These findings advance our knowledge of the role of sleep in neurodevelopmental conditions, highlighting its importance as a transdiagnostic process and priority in neurodevelopmental research. Lay abstract: Sleep quality and quantity are essential in children’s development. Children diagnosed with neurodevelopmental conditions tend to present more sleep problems. However, the exact interaction between sleep and these conditions is still under discussion. Here, novel statistical approaches were used to explore the relationship between sleep and aspects of children’s behaviour, communication, and mental health. These methods identified two groups of children based on their sleep quality: poor sleepers and regular sleepers. The two groups were compared across a broad set of measures including neurodevelopmental difficulties, learning outcomes and mental health. The regular sleepers performed better than those with sleep problems on all measures, with poor sleepers presenting crucial difficulties in emotion regulation, peer relationships and structural language. Using network models, an explorative global analysis of all the participants together reiterated the influence of structural language on other behaviours and uncovered a strong connection between sleep and emotion regulation. Overall, this study improves our knowledge of the role of sleep in conditions affecting brain development and its relationship with behaviour, communication and mental health.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Turbulent diapycnal fluxes as a pilot Essential Ocean Variable(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023-11-28) Le Boyer, Arnaud; Couto, Nicole; Alford, Matthew H.; Drake, Henri F.; Bluteau, Cynthia E.; Hughes, Kenneth G.; Naveira Garabato, Alberto C.; Moulin, Aurélie J.; Peacock, Thomas; Fine, Elizabeth C.; Mashayek, Ali; Cimoli, Laura; Meredith, Michael P.; Melet, Angelique; Fer, Ilker; Dengler, Marcus; Stevens, Craig L.We contend that ocean turbulent fluxes should be included in the list of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) created by the Global Ocean Observing System. This list aims to identify variables that are essential to observe to inform policy and maintain a healthy and resilient ocean. Diapycnal turbulent fluxes quantify the rates of exchange of tracers (such as temperature, salinity, density or nutrients, all of which are already EOVs) across a density layer. Measuring them is necessary to close the tracer concentration budgets of these quantities. Measuring turbulent fluxes of buoyancy (Jb ), heat (Jq ), salinity (JS ) or any other tracer requires either synchronous microscale (a few centimeters) measurements of both the vector velocity and the scalar (e.g., temperature) to produce time series of the highly correlated perturbations of the two variables, or microscale measurements of turbulent dissipation rates of kinetic energy (ϵ) and of thermal/salinity/tracer variance (χ), from which fluxes can be derived. Unlike isopycnal turbulent fluxes, which are dominated by the mesoscale (tens of kilometers), microscale diapycnal fluxes cannot be derived as the product of existing EOVs, but rather require observations at the appropriate scales. The instrumentation, standardization of measurement practices, and data coordination of turbulence observations have advanced greatly in the past decade and are becoming increasingly robust. With more routine measurements, we can begin to unravel the relationships between physical mixing processes and ecosystem health. In addition to laying out the scientific relevance of the turbulent diapycnal fluxes, this review also compiles the current developments steering the community toward such routine measurements, strengthening the case for registering the turbulent diapycnal fluxes as an pilot Essential Ocean Variable.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed An Indocyanine Green‐Based Nanoprobe for In Vivo Detection of Cellular Senescence(2024-05-16) Baker, Andrew G.; Hartono, Muhamad; Ou, Hui‐Ling; Popov, Andrea Bistrović; Brown, Emma L.; Joseph, James; Golinska, Monika; González‐Gualda, Estela; Macias, David; Ge, Jianfeng; Denholm, Mary; Morsli, Samir; Sanghera, Chandan; Else, Thomas R.; Greer, Heather F.; Vernet, Aude; Bohndiek, Sarah E.; Muñoz‐Espín, Daniel; Fruk, Ljiljana; Fruk, Ljiljana [0000-0003-2104-5817]There is an urgent need to improve conventional cancer‐treatments by preventing detrimental side effects, cancer recurrence and metastases. Recent studies have shown that presence of senescent cells in tissues treated with chemo‐ or radiotherapy can be used to predict the effectiveness of cancer treatment. However, although the accumulation of senescent cells is one of the hallmarks of cancer, surprisingly little progress has been made in development of strategies for their detection in vivo. To address a lack of detection tools, we developed a biocompatible, injectable organic nanoprobe (NanoJagg), which is selectively taken up by senescent cells and accumulates in the lysosomes. The NanoJagg probe is obtained by self‐assembly of indocyanine green (ICG) dimers using a scalable manufacturing process and characterized by a unique spectral signature suitable for both photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and fluorescence imaging. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies all indicate that NanoJaggs are a clinically translatable probe for detection of senescence and their PAT signal makes them suitable for longitudinal monitoring of the senescence burden in solid tumors after chemotherapy or radiotherapy.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Indocyanine Green‐based Nanoprobe for In Vivo Detection of Cellular Senescence(Wiley, 2024-05-16) Baker, Andrew G; Hartono, Muhamad; Ou, Hui-Ling; Bistrović Popov, Andrea; Brown, Emma L; Joseph, James; Golinska, Monika; González-Gualda, Estela; Marcias, David; Ge, Jianfeng; Denholm, Mary; Morsli, Samir; Sanghera, Chandan; Else, Thomas R; Greer, Heather F; Vernet, Aude; Bohndiek, Sarah E; Fruk, Ljiljana; Muñoz-Espín, Daniel; Fruk, Ljiljana [0000-0003-2104-5817]There is an urgent need to improve conventional cancer‐treatments by preventing detrimental side effects, cancer recurrence and metastases. Recent studies have shown that presence of senescent cells in tissues treated with chemo‐ or radiotherapy can be used to predict the effectiveness of cancer treatment. However, although the accumulation of senescent cells is one of the hallmarks of cancer, surprisingly little progress has been made in development of strategies for their detection in vivo. To address a lack of detection tools, we developed a biocompatible, injectable organic nanoprobe (NanoJagg), which is selectively taken up by senescent cells and accumulates in the lysosomes. The NanoJagg probe is obtained by self‐assembly of indocyanine green (ICG) dimers using a scalable manufacturing process and characterized by a unique spectral signature suitable for both photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and fluorescence imaging. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies all indicate that NanoJaggs are a clinically translatable probe for detection of senescence and their PAT signal makes them suitable for longitudinal monitoring of the senescence burden in solid tumors after chemotherapy or radiotherapy.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Chemical Annealing Restructures RNA for Nanopore Detection(American Chemical Society, 2024-05-01) paragon-plus: 5978667; Earle, Max K.; paragon-plus: 6262842; paragon-plus: 1045145; Platnich, Casey M. [0000-0002-3634-4580]RNA is a key biochemical marker, yet its chemical instability and complex secondary structure hamper its integration into DNA nanotechnology-based sensing platforms. Relying on the denaturation of the native RNA structure using urea, we show that restructured DNA/RNA hybrids can readily be prepared at room temperature. Using solid-state nanopore sensing, we demonstrate that the structures of our DNA/RNA hybrids conform to the design at the single-molecule level. Employing this chemical annealing procedure, we mitigate RNA self-cleavage, enabling the direct detection of restructured RNA molecules for biosensing applications.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Ligand Profiling as a Diagnostic Tool to Differentiate Patient-Derived α-Synuclein Polymorphs.(American Chemical Society (ACS), 2024-05-01) Chisholm, Timothy S; Melki, Ronald; Hunter, Christopher A; Chisholm, Timothy S [0000-0002-8693-3797]; Hunter, Christopher A [0000-0002-5182-1859]Amyloid fibrils are characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. While different diseases may have fibrils formed of the same protein, the supramolecular morphology of these fibrils is disease-specific. Here, a method is reported to distinguish eight morphologically distinct amyloid fibrils based on differences in ligand binding properties. Eight fibrillar polymorphs of α-synuclein (αSyn) were investigated: five generated de novo using recombinant αSyn and three generated using protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) of recombinant αSyn seeded with brain homogenates from deceased patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Fluorescence binding assays were carried out for each fibril using a toolkit of six different ligands. The fibril samples were separated into five categories based on a binary classification of whether they bound specific ligands or not. Quantitative binding measurements then allowed every fibrillar polymorph to be uniquely identified, and the PMCA fibrils derived from PD, MSA, and DLB patients could be unambiguously distinguished. This approach constitutes a novel and operationally simple method to differentiate amyloid fibril morphologies and to identify disease states using PMCA fibrils obtained by seeding with patient samples.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Single-Molecule Stoichiometry of Supramolecular Complexes(American Chemical Society, 2024-05-06) McLean, Alan; paragon-plus: 6068264; Sala, Renata L.; paragon-plus: 6068266; paragon-plus: 6943198; Carr, Alexander R.; paragon-plus: 6862433; McCune, Jade A.; paragon-plus: 2829851; paragon-plus: 1704925; paragon-plus: 269420; paragon-plus: 6943198 [0000-0002-4345-9984]; paragon-plus: 1704925 [0000-0003-4492-5139]; Scherman, Oren A. [0000-0001-8032-7166]The use of single-molecule microscopy is introduced as a method to quantify the photophysical properties of supramolecular complexes rapidly at ultra low concentrations (<1 nM), previously inaccessible. Using a model supramolecular system based on the host–guest complexation of cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles together with a fluorescent guest (Ant910Me), we probe fluorescent CB[n] host–guest complexes in the single molecule regime. We show quantification and differentiation of host–guest photophysics and stoichiometries, both in aqueous media and noninvasively in hydrogel, by thresholding detected photons. This methodology has wide reaching implications in aiding the design of next-generation materials with programmed and controlled properties.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Steric Control of Luminescence in Phenyl-Substituted Trityl Radicals(American Chemical Society, 2024-05-02) paragon-plus: 3561848; Li, Biwen; paragon-plus: 6931584; Fu, Yao; paragon-plus: 6931585; Walker, Lucy E.; paragon-plus: 6931588; Brown, Laura; paragon-plus: 6931594; paragon-plus: 268686; Zeng, Weixuan; paragon-plus: 6931445; Chowdhury, Rituparno; paragon-plus: 6663870; Cho, Hwan-Hee; paragon-plus: 6931604; paragon-plus: 4248751; paragon-plus: 1387404; paragon-plus: 319137; paragon-plus: 1742911; Murto, Petri [0000-0001-7618-000X]; paragon-plus: 268686 [0000-0002-1744-0489]; paragon-plus: 4248751 [0000-0002-1423-5244]; Grey, Clare P. [0000-0001-5572-192X]; paragon-plus: 319137 [0000-0001-6565-6308]; paragon-plus: 1742911 [0000-0003-0293-8775]Triphenylmethyl (trityl) radicals have shown potential for use in organic optoelectronic applications, but the design of practical trityl structures has been limited to donor/radical charge-transfer systems due to the poor luminescence of alternant symmetry hydrocarbons. Here, we circumvent the symmetry-forbidden transition of alternant hydrocarbons via excited-state symmetry breaking in a series of phenyl-substituted tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radicals. We show that 3-fold phenyl substitution enhances the emission of the TTM radical and that steric control modulates the optical properties in these systems. Simple ortho-methylphenyl substitution boosts the photoluminescence quantum efficiency from 1% (for TTM) to 65% at a peak wavelength of 612 nm (for 2-T3TTM) in solution. In the crystalline solid state, the neat 2-T3TTM radical shows a remarkably high photoluminescence quantum efficiency of 25% for emission peaking at 706 nm. This has implications in the design of aryl-substituted radical structures where the electronic coupling of the substituents influences variables such as emission, charge transfer, and spin interaction.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Frequency of RPGRIP1 and MAP9 genetic modifiers of canine progressive retinal atrophy, in 132 breeds of dog(2024-05-16) Donner, Jonas; Mellersh, Cathryn; Mellersh, Cathryn [0000-0002-2336-0370]Variants in RPGRIP1 and MAP9, termed RPGRIP1ins44 and MAP9del respectively, are both associated with a form of canine progressive retinal atrophy referred to as RPGRIP1‐CRD and have both been demonstrated to modify the development and progression of this disease. In the current study both variants were genotyped in at least 50 dogs of 132 diverse breeds and the data reveal that both segregate in multiple breeds. Individually, each variant is common within largely non‐overlapping subsets of breed, and there is a negative correlation between their frequencies within breeds that segregate both variants. The frequency of both variants exceeds 0.05 in a single breed only, the Miniature Longhaired Dachshund. These data indicate that both variants are likely to be ancient and predate the development and genetic isolation of modern dog breeds. That both variants are present individually at high frequency in multiple breeds is consistent with the hypothesis that homozygosity of either variant alone is not associated with a clinically relevant phenotype, whereas the negative correlation between the two variants is consistent with the application of selective pressure, from dog breeders, against homozygosity at both loci, probably due to the more severe phenotype associated with homozygosity at both loci.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Racism in China's English Language Teaching Industry: English as a Race‐Making Technology(2024-05-16) Wang, Shuling; Wang, Shuling [0000-0003-0641-1495]This article argues that racism is pervasive in China's English language teaching (ELT) industry, yet it is often ignored. It presents that English language education in China should be understood historically in a way that recognizes English as a racializing technology. As a race‐making technology, English has continued making modern Chinese subjects while also posing a threat to Chineseness in the 21st century. This intertwining of race and the English language has translated into a massive ELT industry in China that reproduces whiteness, influencing hiring practices and preferences for White English teachers. Additionally, race intersects with gender, nationality, and class, leading to a highly racialized and gendered ELT industry, exemplified in discourses of “foreign experts” and “foreign trash” popular in China's context. The article concludes by asserting that the English language, as a race‐making technology, has structured the ELT industry, and discussing its implications for future research and practical changes to challenge intersectional racism in the industry.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed JWST Photometric Time-delay and Magnification Measurements for the Triply Imaged Type Ia “SN H0pe” at z = 1.78(The American Astronomical Society, 2024-05-16) Pierel, J. D. R.; Frye, B. L.; Pascale, M.; Caminha, G. B.; Chen, W.; Dhawan, S.; Gilman, D.; Grayling, M.; Huber, S.; Kelly, P.; Thorp, S.; Arendse, N.; Birrer, S.; Bronikowski, M.; Cañameras, R.; Coe, D.; Cohen, S. H.; Conselice, C. J.; Driver, S. P.; DŚilva, J. C. J.; Engesser, M.; Foo, N.; Gall, C.; Garuda, N.; Grillo, C.; Grogin, N. A.; Henderson, J.; Hjorth, J.; Jansen, R. A.; Johansson, J.; Kamieneski, P. S.; Koekemoer, A. M.; Larison, C.; Marshall, M. A.; Moustakas, L. A.; Nonino, M.; Ortiz, R., III; Petrushevska, T.; Pirzkal, N.; Robotham, A.; Ryan, R. E., Jr.; Schuldt, S.; Strolger, L. G.; Summers, J.; Suyu, S. H.; Treu, T.; Willmer, C. N. A.; Windhorst, R. A.; Yan, H.; Zitrin, A.; Acebron, A.; Chakrabarti, S.; Coulter, D. A.; Fox, O. D.; Huang, X.; Jha, S. W.; Li, G.; Mazzali, P. A.; Meena, A. K.; Pérez-Fournon, I.; Poidevin, F.; Rest, A.; Riess, A. G.; Pierel, J. D. R. [0000-0002-2361-7201]; Frye, B. L. [0000-0003-1625-8009]; Pascale, M. [0000-0002-2282-8795]; Caminha, G. B. [0000-0001-6052-3274]; Chen, W. [0000-0003-1060-0723]; Dhawan, S. [0000-0002-2376-6979]; Gilman, D. [0000-0002-5116-7287]; Grayling, M. [0000-0002-6741-983X]; Kelly, P. [0000-0003-3142-997X]; Thorp, S. [0009-0005-6323-0457]; Arendse, N. [0000-0001-5409-6480]; Birrer, S. [0000-0003-3195-5507]; Bronikowski, M. [0000-0002-1537-6911]; Coe, D. [0000-0001-7410-7669]; Cohen, S. H. [0000-0003-3329-1337]; Conselice, C. J. [0000-0003-1949-7638]; Driver, S. P. [0000-0001-9491-7327]; DŚilva, J. C. J. [0000-0002-9816-1931]; Engesser, M. [0000-0003-0209-674X]; Foo, N. [0000-0002-7460-8460]; Gall, C. [0000-0002-8526-3963]; Garuda, N. [0000-0003-3418-2482]; Grillo, C. [0000-0002-5926-7143]; Grogin, N. A. [0000-0001-9440-8872]; Hjorth, J. [0000-0002-4571-2306]; Jansen, R. A. [0000-0003-1268-5230]; Johansson, J. [0000-0001-5975-290X]; Kamieneski, P. S. [0000-0001-9394-6732]; Koekemoer, A. M. [0000-0002-6610-2048]; Larison, C. [0000-0003-2037-4619]; Marshall, M. A. [0000-0001-6434-7845]; Moustakas, L. A. [0000-0003-3030-2360]; Nonino, M. [0000-0001-6342-9662]; Ortiz, R., III [0000-0002-6150-833X]; Petrushevska, T. [0000-0003-4743-1679]; Pirzkal, N. [0000-0003-3382-5941]; Robotham, A. [0000-0003-0429-3579]; Ryan, R. E., Jr. [0000-0003-0894-1588]; Schuldt, S. [0000-0003-2497-6334]; Strolger, L. G. [0000-0002-7756-4440]; Summers, J. [0000-0002-7265-7920]; Suyu, S. H. [0000-0001-5568-6052]; Treu, T. [0000-0002-8460-0390]; Willmer, C. N. A. [0000-0001-9262-9997]; Windhorst, R. A. [0000-0001-8156-6281]; Yan, H. [0000-0001-7592-7714]; Zitrin, A. [0000-0002-0350-4488]; Acebron, A. [0000-0003-3108-9039]; Chakrabarti, S. [0000-0001-6711-8140]; Coulter, D. A. [0000-0003-4263-2228]; Fox, O. D. [0000-0003-2238-1572]; Huang, X. [0000-0001-8156-0330]; Jha, S. W. [0000-0001-8738-6011]; Mazzali, P. A. [0000-0001-6876-8284]; Meena, A. K. [0000-0002-7876-4321]; Pérez-Fournon, I. [0000-0002-2807-6459]; Poidevin, F. [0000-0002-5391-5568]; Rest, A. [0000-0002-4410-5387]; Riess, A. G. [0000-0002-6124-1196]Supernova (SN) SN H0pe is a gravitationally lensed, triply imaged, Type Ia SN (SN Ia) discovered in James Webb Space Telescope imaging of the PLCK G165.7+67.0 cluster of galaxies. Well-observed multiply imaged SNe provide a rare opportunity to constrain the Hubble constant (H 0), by measuring the relative time delay between the images and modeling the foreground mass distribution. SN H0pe is located at z = 1.783 and is the first SN Ia with sufficient light-curve sampling and long enough time delays for an H 0 inference. Here we present photometric time-delay measurements and SN properties of SN H0pe. Using JWST/NIRCam photometry, we measure time delays of Δt ab = −116.6−9.3+10.8 observer-frame days and Δt cb = −48.6−4.0+3.6 observer-frame days relative to the last image to arrive (image 2b; all uncertainties are 1σ), which corresponds to a ∼5.6% uncertainty contribution for H 0 assuming 70 km s−1 Mpc−1. We also constrain the absolute magnification of each image to μ a = 4.3−1.8+1.6 , μ b = 7.6−2.6+3.6 , μ c = 6.4−1.5+1.6 by comparing the observed peak near-IR magnitude of SN H0pe to the nonlensed population of SNe Ia.Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Protocol: The effect of restorative justice interventions for young people on offending and reoffending: A systematic review(2024-05-15) Gaffney, Hannah; Jolliffe, Darrick; Eggins, Elizabeth; Ferreira, Joana Gomes; Skinner, Guy; Ariel, Barak; Strang, HeatherThis is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows. The primary aim of this mixed methods review is to synthesise the available evidence regarding the effectiveness of restorative justice interventions (RJIs) for reducing offending and reoffending outcomes in children and young people. We are also particularly interested in the impact of RJIs on children and young peoples' violent offending and violent reoffending. A second aim of the review is to examine whether the magnitude of effectiveness of RJIs may be influenced by study characteristics such as the population (e.g., age, ethnicity, or sex), the form of intervention (e.g., face‐to‐face mediation compared to family group conferencing), the place of delivery of the intervention (e.g., in independent office, in court), implementation (e.g., trained facilitators, dose, fidelity) and methodology (e.g., randomised controlled trial). The third aim of the review is to synthesise the qualitative evidence about RJ to develop a better contextual understanding of how these programmes may work and to elucidate factors that might increase the efficacy and implementation of RJ interventions. The specific research questions this systematic review aims to address are: (1) Do RJ interventions reduce children and young people's involvement in offending or reoffending relative to a comparison group? [RQ1]. (2) Is there variation in the impact of different RJ approaches on young people's involvement in offending or reoffending? [RQ2]. (3) Is there variation in the impact of RJIs on children and young people's offending or reoffending depending on the characteristics of the participants taking part in the RJI (e.g., sex, age, ethnicity)? [RQ3]. (4) What characteristics of RJIs, influence the effectiveness of RJIs for children and young people's offending and reoffending? [RQ4]. (5) What are the most notable barriers and facilitators, as reported by participants (e.g., the victims, children/young people, or mediators who have taken part in an evaluation of an RJI, or those children or young people who were meant to take part in an evaluation but ultimately did not), to the implementation of RJIs to reduce later offending or reoffending? [RQ5].Item Open Access Published version Peer-reviewed Organic A‐Site Cations Improve the Resilience of Inorganic Lead‐Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals to Surface Defect Formation(2024-05-15) Otero‐Martínez, Clara; Ye, Junzhi; De Trizio, Luca; Goldoni, Luca; Rao, Akshay; Pérez‐Juste, Jorge; Hoye, Robert L. Z.; Manna, Liberato; Polavarapu, Lakshminarayana; Ye, Junzhi [0000-0001-8919-9236]; Polavarapu, Lakshminarayana [0000-0002-0338-2898]Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (LHP NCs) are generally prone to surface defect formation during the purification process, resulting in a reduced photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield. The purification of LHP NCs using antisolvents leads to the detachment of surface atoms and ligandsin the form of alkylammonium‐halides or A‐carboxylates (A: Cs, methylammonium, MA, or formamidinium, FA. Currently, intense research is being carried out to improve the surface stability of LHP NCs using various long‐chain organic ligands that strongly bind to the surface of NCs. Herein, the findings on the higher surface stability of hybrid (MAPbBr3 and FAPbBr3) LHP NCs compared to that of inorganic CsPbBr3 NCs against purification with polar antisolvents are reported. It is discovered that the CsPbBr3 NC surface stability can be enhanced (reaching that of hybrid perovskite NCs) by the incorporation of a small amount of MA or FA A‐site organic cations into their lattice, corroborated by the evidence that the PL quantum yield of mixed A‐cation CsxFA1‐xPbBr3 and CsxMA1‐xPbBr3 NCs remains unaffected after several purification cycles. It is hypothesized that this is attributed to hydrogen bonding between the organic A‐site cations and the neighboring halides on the surface. These findings are not only fundamentally important but are also expected to have wide implications in the field of metal‐halide perovskite optoelectronics.