http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/221773 Sun, 19 May 2013 12:16:18 GMT 2013-05-19T12:16:18Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/244216 Title: Are there basic metaphors? Authors: Schnall, Simone Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/244216 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/244213 Title: “Black and White” thinking: Visual contrast polarizes moral judgment Authors: Zarkadi, Theodora; Schnall, Simone Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/244213 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/244104 Title: Episodic cognition: what is it, where is it, and when does it develop? Authors: Cheke, Lucy Gaia Abstract: Episodic Cognition (or “Mental Time Travel”) is the ability to mentally re-experience events from our personal past and imagine potential events from our personal future. This capacity is fundamental to our lives and has been argued to be uniquely human. The aim of this thesis is to use behavioural tasks developed in comparative cognition to integrate both the literature on different research subjects (animals, children, adults, patients) but also from different theoretical perspectives, with the hope of facilitating communication and comparison between these fields. The backbone of the thesis is the behavioural tasks themselves, along with their origins in theory. Specifically, the “What-Where-When”, “Unexpected Question” and “Free Recall” episodic memory tasks and the “Bischof-Köhler” test of episodic foresight. Each of these tasks stems from different theoretical approaches to defining episodic cognition. Whilst extensively studied, these four tasks have never been undertaken by the same subjects and have never been directly compared. It is thus unclear whether these different theoretical perspectives converge on a single “episodic cognition” system, or a variety of overlapping processes. This thesis explores these issues by presenting these tasks to previously untested animal (the Eurasian Jay), developing children (aged 3-6), and a sample of human adults (Cambridge Undergraduates). Finally, these findings are applied in the assessment of episodic cognition in a population that is thought to have mild hippocampal damage – the overweight and obese. It was predicted that if all these putative tests of episodic cognition were tapping into the same underlying ability, then they should be passed by the same animal species, develop at the same time in children, correlate in human adults and be impaired in those with damage to the relevant brain areas. These predictions were, to some degree, confirmed. While the novel animal model could not be tested on all paradigms, the jays performed well on Bischof-Köhler future planning test. However, the results of the What-Where-When memory test were equivocal. There was a relatively low degree of correlation between performance on all the tasks in human children, along with a suggestion that each had a distinct developmental trajectory. The study of human adults revealed that while performance on all the tasks were related to one another, this relationship was often nonlinear, suggesting the contribution of several different psychological processes. Finally, it was found that both memory and performance on the Bischof-Köhler future planning task were altered in individuals who are overweight. A potentially surprising theme throughout the results is that performance on the Bischof-Köhler tasks is in fact negatively related to performance on memory tests, and improves in patients thought to have mild hippocampal damage. It is concluded that there may be a significant degree of overlap in the processes tapped by different putative tests of episodic memory, but that they can not be considered to be equivalent. Furthermore, it is suggested that episodic cognition is a fundamentally ineffective system with which to predict future motivational states, because it is biased by current feelings. Tue, 13 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/244104 2012-11-13T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/244038 Title: The clean conscience at work: emotions, intuitions and morality Authors: Schnall, Simone; Cannon, Peter R. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/244038 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243927 Title: Elevation puts moral values into action Authors: Schnall, Simone; Roper, Jean Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243927 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243925 Title: The ethics of ‘smart drugs’: Moral judgments about healthy people’s use of cognitive-enhancing drugs Authors: Scheske, Christel; Schnall, Simone Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243925 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243915 Title: Embodiment in social psychology Authors: Meier, Brian P.; Schnall, Simone; Schwarz, Norbert; Bargh, John, A. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243915 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243857 Title: Quantifying the value of emotions using a willingness to pay approach Authors: Lau, Hi Po Bobo; White, Mathew P.; Schnall, Simone Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243857 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243479 Title: The immersive virtual environment of the Digital Fulldome: Considerations of relevant psychological processes. Authors: Schnall, Simone; Hedge, Craig; Weaver, Ruth Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243479 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243407 Title: Functional definition of the N450 event-related brain potential marker of conflict processing: a numerical Stroop study Authors: Szűcs, Dénes; Soltész, Fruzsina Abstract: Abstract Background Several conflict processing studies aimed to dissociate neuroimaging phenomena related to stimulus and response conflict processing. However, previous studies typically did not include a paradigm-independent measure of either stimulus or response conflict. Here we have combined electro-myography (EMG) with event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in order to determine whether a particularly robust marker of conflict processing, the N450 ERP effect usually related to the activity of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), is related to stimulus- or to response-conflict processing. EMG provided paradigm-independent measure of response conflict. In a numerical Stroop paradigm participants compared pairs of digits and pressed a button on the side where they saw the larger digit. 50% of digit-pairs were preceded by an effective cue which provided accurate information about the required response. 50% of trials were preceded by a neutral cue which did not communicate the side of response. Results EMG showed that response conflict was significantly larger in neutrally than in effectively cued trials. The N450 was similar when response conflict was high and when it was low. Conclusions We conclude that the N450 is related to stimulus or abstract, rather than to response conflict detection/resolution. Findings may enable timing ACC conflict effects. Description: RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are. Mon, 26 Mar 2012 23:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243407 2012-03-26T23:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/242384 Title: The Immersive Virtual Environment of the digital fulldome: Considerations of relevant psychological processes Authors: Schnall, Simone; Hedge, Craig; Weaver, Ruth Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/242384 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/242345 Title: Representational change and strategy use in children's number line estimation during the first years of primary school Authors: White, Sonia LJ; Szucs, Denes Abstract: Abstract Background The objective of this study was to scrutinize number line estimation behaviors displayed by children in mathematics classrooms during the first three years of schooling. We extend existing research by not only mapping potential logarithmic-linear shifts but also provide a new perspective by studying in detail the estimation strategies of individual target digits within a number range familiar to children. Methods Typically developing children (n = 67) from Years 1-3 completed a number-to-position numerical estimation task (0-20 number line). Estimation behaviors were first analyzed via logarithmic and linear regression modeling. Subsequently, using an analysis of variance we compared the estimation accuracy of each digit, thus identifying target digits that were estimated with the assistance of arithmetic strategy. Results Our results further confirm a developmental logarithmic-linear shift when utilizing regression modeling; however, uniquely we have identified that children employ variable strategies when completing numerical estimation, with levels of strategy advancing with development. Conclusion In terms of the existing cognitive research, this strategy factor highlights the limitations of any regression modeling approach, or alternatively, it could underpin the developmental time course of the logarithmic-linear shift. Future studies need to systematically investigate this relationship and also consider the implications for educational practice. Description: RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are. Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/242345 2012-01-04T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/242040 Title: The immersive virtual environment of the Digital Fulldome: Considerations of relevant psychological processes Authors: Schnall, Simone; Hedge, Craig; Weaver, Ruth Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/242040 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/241706 Title: The sociality, ontogeny, and function of corvid post-conflict affiliation Authors: Logan, Corina Abstract: Humans and non-humans alike seek support after conflicts by making up with their former opponent (former opponent affiliation) or by affiliating with a bystander (thirdparty affiliation). Post-conflict behaviour has been studied in many mammals but only in two bird species: rooks and ravens. Consequently, the prevalence and function of avian post-conflict affiliation is unknown. My objectives were to expand the study of post-conflict affiliation to more bird species and examine two potential functions of this behaviour. I hypothesised that differences in sociality would influence corvid postconflict affiliation, and that this behaviour would change as individuals developed from juveniles to adults. I predicted that social rooks (Corvus frugilegus) and jackdaws (C. monedula), but not the less social Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius), should have post-conflict affiliation because this behaviour should be dependent on the presence of high quality social bonds. Affiliation should only occur with their mate because they are monogamous; the pair-bond being by far the highest quality relationship in the group. My results showed that the social species have third-party affiliation with their mate, while the less social jays have third-party affiliation with anyone. This behaviour became more frequent and lasted longer as jackdaws went from the pair formation stage to sexual maturity. Exploring the function of third-party affiliation, I found that it decreased the likelihood of receiving non-conflict aggression, thus buffering postconflict aggression for jackdaw and rook aggressors, as well as for rook victims. Hypotheses about post-conflict affiliation primarily concern former opponent affiliation and primates. I reviewed post-conflict affiliation across taxa and proposed a broad hypothesis that includes all forms of post-conflict affiliation: former opponent, thirdparty, quadratic, inter-group, and inter-species. Description: The full text of this thesis has been embargoed until March 2014 for publishing reasons. Tue, 07 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/241706 2012-02-07T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/241568 Title: The ethics of ‘smart drugs’: Moral judgments about healthy people’s use of cognitive-enhancing drugs Authors: Scheske, Christel; Schnall, Simone Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/241568 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/241091 Title: Embodiment in social psychology Authors: Meier, Brian P.; Schnall, Simone; Schwarz, Norbert; Bargh, John, A. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/241091 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/240516 Title: Embodied rationality Authors: Spellman, Barbara A.; Schnall, Simone Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/240516 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/239337 Title: Embodied rationality Authors: Spellman, Barbara A.; Schnall, Simone Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/239337 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/239321 Title: Elevation puts moral values into action Authors: Schnall, Simone; Roper, Jean Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/239321 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/239320 Title: The clean conscience at work: Emotions, intuitions and morality Authors: Schnall, Simone; Cannon, Peter R. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/239320 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z