http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/221740 Sun, 26 May 2013 09:36:17 GMT 2013-05-26T09:36:17Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/244599 Title: Political theologies in late colonial Buganda Authors: Earle, Jonathon Lynn Abstract: This thesis is an intellectual history of political debate in colonial Buganda. It is a history of how competing actors engaged differently in polemical space informed by conflicting histories, varying religious allegiances and dissimilar texts. Methodologically, biography is used to explore three interdependent stories. First, it is employed to explore local variance within Buganda’s shifting discursive landscape throughout the longue durée. Second, it is used to investigate the ways that disparate actors and their respective communities used sacred text, theology and religious experience differently to reshape local discourse and to re-imagine Buganda on the eve of independence. Finally, by incorporating recent developments in the field of global intellectual history, biography is used to reconceptualise Buganda’s late colonial past globally. Due to its immense source base, Buganda provides an excellent case study for writing intellectual biography. From the late nineteenth century, Buganda’s increasingly literate population generated an extensive corpus of clan and kingdom histories, political treatises, religious writings and personal memoirs. As Buganda’s monarchy was renegotiated throughout decolonisation, her activists—working from different angles—engaged in heated debate and protest. This debate resulted in massive literary output preserved in the Luganda press, party pamphlets and personal correspondence. Written evidence is taken from private papers, institutional archives and the local and international press. This project is shaped further by oral ethnography. By suggesting that Buganda’s past is well interpreted polemically, the result of this study is a more comprehensive understanding of the life of the mind than has been offered thus far by historians of Uganda. More broadly, by exploring the theological and political within the same analytic framework, this thesis contributes to our understanding of political theology in the history of Africa. Finally, by using biography to rethink Uganda’s past globally, this project furthers the use of global intellectual history in the history of modern Africa. Description: This thesis is embargoed until May 2015. Please contact the author on jonathon.earle at centre.edu if you have any enquiries Mon, 11 Jun 2012 23:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/244599 2012-06-11T23:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243884 Title: The nature and function of historical argument in the Henrician Reformation Authors: Nicholson, Graham David Tue, 22 Feb 1977 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/243884 1977-02-22T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/242419 Title: Newspapers of the French Left in Provence and Bas-Languedoc during the First World War. Authors: Collins, Ross F. Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to offer a contribution to the historical debate concerning the nature and extent of 'union sacrée' in France during the First World War. Two non-military mass-circulation daily newspapers oriented to the political left (gauché) are consulted in their entirety between 15 June 1914 and 31 December 1918: 'Le Petit Provencal' of Marseille and 'Le Petit Meridional' of Montpellier. These newspapers offered a published voice for 'gauchiste' groups in Provence and Bas-Languedoc, including Radicals, socialists, trade unions, and even occasionally anarchists. 'Le Petit Provencal' can be defined as socialist, one of only two such large-circulation daily newspapers in France before the war (the other was in Lille; 'L'Humanité' of Paris was a small-circulation 'journal d'opinion'), and 'Le Petit Meridional', Radical, although opening its pages to views of socialists and trade unions. Both of these newspapers served a region distinctive in France for its long 'rouge' political tradition, and its separatist sentiments. In addition to these sources, considerable primary material is adduced from police, military, and other archives to show how censorship and morale issues influenced these newspapers and the region they served during this period. This study indicates that while these newspapers did join in a 'truce' ('la tréve') in early August, they did not truly reflect a 'union sacrée' after the first few weeks of war. In addition, this work shows that the press was not nearly as universally sensationalistic and wildly inaccurate as has been assumed: much of the 'eyewash' (bourrage de crâne) was effectively eliminated after the first few weeks of war, and nearly all issues important to understanding the conflict in France were presented to readers at some point. Censorship was predictably strong, but not invincible, and the material it did allow published is often surprisingly candid and accurate. Material presented in this thesis concerning the nature and influence of 'union sacrée' generally support conclusions reached by modern French historians Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau and Jean-Jacques Becker in their studies of trench newspapers and civilian war morale reports. Sun, 31 May 1992 23:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/242419 1992-05-31T23:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/242394 Title: Natural theology and natural philosophy in the late Renaissance Authors: Woolford, Thomas Abstract: Scholars have become increasingly aware of the need to understand the religious context of early modern natural philosophy. Despite some great strides in relating certain areas of Christian doctrine to the study of the natural world, the category ‘natural theology’ has often been subject to anachronism and misunderstanding. The term itself is difficult to define; it is most fruitful to think of natural theology as the answer to the question, ‘what can be known about God and religion from the contemplation of the natural world?’ There have been several erroneous assumptions about natural theology – in particular that it only consisted of rational proofs for the existence of God, that it was ecumenical in outlook, and that it was defined as strictly separate from Scriptural revelation. These assumptions are shown to be uncharacteristic of the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth century. The study of natural theology needs to be better integrated into three contexts – the doctrinal, confessional, and chronological. Doctrinally, natural theology does not stand alone but needs to be understood within the context of the theology of revelation, justification, and the effects of the Fall. These doctrines make such a material difference that scholars always ought to delineate clearly between the threefold state of man (original innocence, state of sin, state of grace) when approaching the topic of ‘natural’ knowledge of God. Confessionally, scholars need to recognise that the doctrine of natural theology received different treatments on either side of the sectarian divide. In Catholicism, for instance, there were considerable spiritual benefits of natural theology for the non-Christian, while in Protestantism its benefits were restricted to those saved Christians who possessed Scriptural insight. Chronologically, natural theology does not remain uniform throughout the history of Christian theology but, being subject to changes occasioned by philosophical and theological faddism and development, needs to be considered within a particular locus. Research here focuses on late sixteenth-century orthodoxy as defined in confessional and catechismal literature (which has been generally understudied), and demonstrates its application in a number of case-studies. This thesis begins the work of putting natural theology into these three contexts. An improved understanding of natural theology, with more rigorous and accurate terminology and better nuanced appreciation of confessional differences, makes for a better framework in which to consider the theological context of early modern natural philosophy. Mon, 09 Apr 2012 23:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/242394 2012-04-09T23:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/241545 Title: The British administration of Hinduism in North India, 1780-1900. Authors: Prior, Katherine Abstract: The thesis is divided into three main sections, each dealing with a different aspect of the religious administration of the British in India. No one section covers the entire period of 1780 to 1900, but they are assembled to give a chronological whole, with some overlapping between them. The first section traces the changes in Hindu traditions of pilgrimage in north India, c. 1780- 1840. Most of the information revolves around three main sites - Aflahabad, Benares and Gaya - partly as a result of source bias: the British had control of these sites from a relatively early date and much eighteenth-century information about the pilgrim industries there has been preserved. This section focuses on the religious behaviour of the Marathas: their patronage of the northern sites and the British interaction with Maratha royals and other elite pilgrims. It looks at the way in which elite pilgrims smoothed the way for non-elite pilgrims to make long and hazardous journeys to the north, setting up traditions of relations with sites and priests that enabled non-elite pilgrimage to continue long after royal patronage declined in the nineteenth century. This section also considers the changing attitudes of the British to Hindu pilgrimage. Eighteenth-century officers welcomed the advantages inherent in the control of famous pilgrimage sites: the chance to advertise British rule to visitors from non-Company territories, the numerous occasions for pleasing political allies, the receipt of wealth from all over India. Territorial expansion at the turn of the century undid many of these advantages and, with the rise of evangelicalism and the acrimonious debate about the right of a Christian government to profit from idolatry, in the nineteenth century the control of pilgrimage sites began to be seen as a liability. The second section concentrates on the British regulation of religious disputes. Most of the evidence deals with Hindu-Muslim conflict over religious festivals and cow-slaughter in the cities of the North-Western Provinces. Although most of the incidents examined are from the core of the nineteenth century, c. 1820-1880, earlier incidents are studied in an attempt to understand pre-British practices. Some material from the very end of the century is also examined. Innovative and influential aspects of British policy are shown to be the judiciary's emphasis on precedent and the consequent creation of intercommunal rights in religious display and of a documented history of local disputes. Pre-British religious disputation is shown to function in an entirely contemporary environment, with communities and individuals' rights of display reflecting only their current position within the locality. An important part of the argument is the extent to which Indians adopted the British methods but, exploiting officers' ignorance of a locality's history, manipulated them to their own ends. A post-1857 development in British policy, the attempt to build-up "natural leaders" within localities and to get them to control the people's religious behaviour, is important because it highlights the British antipathy to traditional religious leaders. The failure of these "natural leaders" - largely gentlemen of inherited wealth and property and in receipt of British honours and titles - to stop their co-religionists from fighting over the rights of religious display underlines the very big gap between colonial intentions and achievements. The third section is a discussion of the impact of "objective" scientific and sanitation principles on the celebration of grand Hindu fairs in the last half of the nineteenth century. Particular emphasis is placed on the government's efforts to prevent outbreaks of cholera and plague at the big gatherings. Where once the colonial government had shied away from close relations with Hinduism, warned off by the pious wrath of the evangelicals, now it pursued a radically interventionist course in public Hindu worship, justifying interference with pilgrims and pilgrimage sites in terms of public health. It is clear that this section draws upon the material presented in the first section, but the second is also not without relevance. The British antipathy to religious professionals is shown to be very strong in their late-nineteenth-century administration of pilgrimage sites. These men were consistently alienated from the government and they forfeited few opportunities to declare their hostility to state officials and the Indians who supported them. The fact that priests and pilgrims repeatedly joined forces in opposition to state "improvements" at holy sites, suggested that the independence of activity that was shown in the second section to have characterized religious behaviour in the home locality was strong enough to be transported throughout the Hindi-speaking region. The conclusion draws together the disparate evidence of the three sections to argue that, over the nineteenth century, the component of religion in community and individual identity was magnified until it became large enough to stand alone as an indicator of identity. It also argues that, particularly for non-elites, participation in religious display and any consequent disputes was an indicator of one's independence, not from members of another religious grouping, but from the economic elite of one's own co-religionists. Sat, 01 Dec 1990 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/241545 1990-12-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/239350 Title: Sokemen and freemen in late Anglo-Saxon East Anglia in comparative context Authors: Day, Emma Abstract: The dissertation is an investigation into sokemen and freemen, a group of higher status peasants, in tenth- and eleventh-century East Anglia (hereafter and throughout the dissertation referred to as less dependent tenants). The study considers four themes. The first concerns the socio-economic condition of less dependent tenants. Previous commentators have focused on, for example, light or non-existent labour services and a connection with royal service and public obligations, but the reality may have been more complex. The second theme considers the distribution of the group across East Anglia. The third and fourth themes consider, respectively, the reliability of the Domesday evidence for less dependent tenants and how far the eastern counties differed from the rest of England. It has been argued that the significant number of less dependent tenants recorded in the eastern counties in Domesday Book indicates that region’s unique social structure. This view increasingly has been questioned. The dissertation uses a partially retrogressive approach, combining pre-Conquest sources with Domesday Book and manorial sources from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It argues that less dependent tenants formed a varied group, including both smallholders (probably constituting the greater part of the group) and prosperous landholders defined by high-status service. These individuals were not always clearly distinguished from those immediately above and below them in the hierarchy. There was no intrinsic connection between less dependent tenants and royal service. Less dependent tenants experienced upward and downward social mobility in the tenth and eleventh centuries, affected by the land market and the influence of lordship. The group’s local distribution, and, by implication, the extent of manorialisation, could vary widely and was influenced primarily by the strength of lordship. There were longstanding and important differences between East Anglia and counties elsewhere in England. But these differences also were exaggerated by the Domesday evidence. Mon, 11 Jul 2011 23:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/239350 2011-07-11T23:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/238495 Title: The Shi'a Muslims of the United Provinces of India, c 1890-1940 Authors: Jones, Justin Rhys Abstract: This dissertation examines religious, social and political change among the Shia Muslims of the United Provinces of colonial India, c. 1890-1940. Focusing especially, upon the towns of Lucknow and Amroha but discussing the region as a whole, it traces the formation of a community identity among Shia Muslims, and questions how disparate Shi'a populations were able to construct a consciousness of solidarity. The dissertation is based on a combination of archival and printed sources in English and Urdu. The first chapter assesses processes of sectarian organisation and the formation of a number of Shia institutions and societies in Lucknow in the thirty year period from 1890, including several madrasas and the All India Shi'a Conference. The second chapter examines manifestations of religious renewal among Indian Shi'as. Forms of religious proselytisation are discussed, particularly the contribution of the printing press and the changing role of preaching. The development of religious conflict is outlined, through examinations of religious debates and the reformation of Muharram rites. A third chapter examines Shia responses to the so-called '`Aligarh movement', considering reactions to educational reform and the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at `Aligarh. A fourth chapter discusses Shia responses to the campaigns of jihad and pan-Islamism current among many Muslims in the early twentieth century. Together, these two chapters demonstrate the expansion and politicisation of sectarian differences, and the attempts by some Shi'as to organise separately from wider Muslim institutions. The final chapter assesses a series of Shi'a-Sunni conflicts in Lucknow in the 1930s. It examines some of the contributory factors and discusses the conflicts in the light of the processes of sectarian organisation discussed in earlier chapters. The conclusion evaluates the implications of the thesis for our understanding of Indian Shia Muslims and, more generally, of sectarian identities and conflicts in Indian Islam. Mon, 21 May 2007 23:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/238495 2007-05-21T23:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/238410 Title: Contested identities and the Muslim Qaum in northern India : c. 1860-1900 Authors: Zaidi, S Akbar Abstract: Using primarily published sources in Urdu from the second-half of the nineteenth century, my thesis presents evidence with regard to north Indian Muslims, which questions the idea of a homogenous, centralising, entity, at times called the Muslim community, qaum, ummah or nation. Using a large number of second-tier publicists' writings in Urdu, the thesis argues that the self-perceptions and representations of many Muslims, were far more local, parochial, disparate, multiple, and highly contested. The idea of a homogenous, levelling, sense of collective identity, or an imagined community, seem wanting in this period. This line of evidence and argumentation, also has important implications for locating the moment of separatism and identity formation amongst north Indian Muslims, and argues that this happened much later than has previously been imagined. Based on this, the thesis also argues against an anachronistic or teleological strain of historiography with regard to north Indian Muslims of this period. The main medium through which these arguments are debated, is through the Urdu print world, where a large number of new sources have been presented which underscore this difference, more than this uniformity. Whether it was in religious debates, debates around the attempt to unify - as part of a qaum - or around the reasons for Muslims to be at a point of zillat - utter humiliation - the literature points to multiple and diverse interpretations, causes and solutions. Moreover, the question of who a Muslim was', was always bitterly contested by those who claimed to be Muslims themselves. The thesis also examines the forum of the munäzara, and how pre-print forms of public engagement helped in emphasising individual identity, authority and reputation. The interplay between oral representation and the subsequent written accounts after the event, also raise questions about the fixity of print'. and about sources for historians. Using this new print material, the thesis engages broadly, with notions related to the imagined community and the public sphere, arguing that in a colonial context, much of the theory based on the European experience, needs to be rethought, for the nature and development of the public sphere/s and of the formation of communities, may have been somewhat different in this context. Tue, 10 Mar 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/238410 2009-03-10T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/237060 Title: Church and State in England in the mid-eighteenth century: the Newcastle years 1742-1762 Authors: Taylor, Stephen John Charles Abstract: This dissertation is a work of political and social , as well as ecclesiastical, history, a contribution, above all, to the reassessment of the nature and functioning of the English state in the eighteenth century. It takes issue with the assumption that the Church of England can be regarded as a discrete subject in the history of eighteenth-century England. During this period it was still a central part of the English state; its courts remained important, its parishes had many secular functions, it controlled most of the nation's education and organized much of its charity, and, preeminently, it was responsible for teaching men to be 'good' citizens and subjects. It is the contention of this dissertation both that the Church was an integral part of politics in the eighteenth century, and that the interests of the Church were not wholly subordinated to those of a secular state. These themes are developed through the thesis which is divided into five sections. Part I, the introduction, is itself divided into two Chapters. The first emphasizes that eighteenth-century politics was concerned, above all, with the exercise of power. It is within the context of government and administration that the importance of the Church is most apparent. The second chapter provides an account of the physical and spiritual state of the Church. Each of the remaining four sections concentrates on one aspect of church-state relations. Section 2 examines contemporary ideas about the relationship of church and state, demonstrating the emphasis that was placed on their interdependence and the inseparability of secular and spiritual matters. Through an examination of the management of the crown's ecclesiastical patronage section 3 explores ministers' perceptions of the Church's role and the extent to which they were able to determine its character. The next section considers the clergy's perception of the role of the Church, both as part of the temporal government and as an institution concerned with the spiritual condition of men, and the ways in which they were able to resolve the apparent contradictions in this dual role. Finally, the place of the Church in parliamentary and high politics is discussed. This final section explores the tensions and conflicts that did arise between church and state in the years 1742-62, the extent to which the Church was able to preserve its independence against secular encroachments, and the willingness of churchmen and ministers to contemplate reforms to enable the Church to perform its duties, both secular and spiritual more effectively. Tue, 27 Oct 1987 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/237060 1987-10-27T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/236974 Title: The ancient notion of self-preservation in the theories of Hobbes and Spinoza Authors: Jacobs, Justin B Abstract: Over the course of four sections this PhD examines the ways in which the Aristotelian, Stoic and Epicurean philosophers portray bodily activity. In particular, it argues that their claims regarding bodies’ natural tendency to preserve themselves, and seek out the goods capable of promoting their well-being, came to influence Hobbes’s and Spinoza’s later accounts of natural, animal and social behaviour. The first section presents the ancient accounts of natural and animal bodily tendencies and explores the specific ways in which the Aristotelian, Stoic and Epicurean views on animal desires came to complement and diverge from each other. After investigating the perceived links between natural philosophy, psychology and ethics, the section proceeds to consider how the ancients used this ‘unified’ view of nature to guide their accounts of the soul’s primary appetites and desires. Also examined is the extent to which civil society is portrayed as a means of securing the individual against others, and how Aristotelian philia, Theophrastian oikeiotês and Stoic oikeiōsis came to stand in opposition to the fear-driven and compact-based accounts of social formation favoured by the Epicureans. The second section considers how the ancient accounts of impulsive behaviour and social formation were received and diffused via new editions of ancient texts, eclectic readings of Aristotle, and the attempts of Neostoic and Neoepicurean authors to update and systematise those philosophies from the late sixteenth century onwards. The particular treatments of Hellenistic thought by authors such as Justus Lipsius, Hugo Grotius and Pierre Gassendi are considered in detail and are placed within the context of the growing trend to use Stoic and Epicurean thought to replace the authority of Aristotle in the areas of science, psychology, and politics. The final two sections are devoted respectively to considering the ways in which Hobbes and Spinoza encountered the Hellenistic accounts of bodies and demonstrating how these earlier accounts came to feature in each of their own discussions of bodily tendencies. Engaging with a wide range of their texts, each section develops the many nuances and contours that emerged as both writers developed and fine-tuned their accounts of bodily actions. This reveals the many ways in which the ancient accounts of self-preservation helped to unify large aspects of Hobbes’s and Spinoza’s own philosophical corpus, while equally showing how a well-developed account of bodily tendencies might challenge the scholastic worldview and expand further the boundaries of the so-called ‘New Science’. Description: The full text of this thesis is not available due to ongoing discussions regarding publication. Tue, 11 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/236974 2011-01-11T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/236602 Title: Origin and development of urban churches and parishes : a comparative study of Hereford, Shrewsbury and Chester Authors: Pearn, Alison Mary Abstract: A discussion of the principal sources for the study of medieval urban churches, and the uses and limitations of those sources, is followed by a survey of a number of English towns which have been selected to provide a context for the detailed studies of the churches of Hereford, Shrewsbury and Chester which are the core of this dissertation. The survey summarises the present state of knowledge of the ecclesiastical history of each town, with particular attention to recent advances, and is also intended to introduce the problems and the avenues of inquiry subsequently pursued. For each of the towns of Hereford, Shrewsbury and Chester, accounts of the evidence for the history of individual ecclesiastical institutions are followed by detailed inquiry into their exercise of parochial rights and discussion of the development of the parish boundaries. The early political and economic history, and the topography, of each town are also considered in some depth to enable the fullest possible discussion of the history of the churches and parishes. Finally, aspects of the ecclesiastical history of the three towns are compared. Tue, 13 Dec 1988 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/236602 1988-12-13T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/236170 Title: Vijayanagara in foreign eyes : a study of travel literature and ethnology in the Renaissance (1420-1600) Authors: Rubies I Mirabet, Joan Pau Abstract: This dissertation attempts to understand the formation and transmission of images of non-European societies during the Renaissance from a case-study. An introductory chapter explains travel literature as a genre, and establishes its general importance for the early development of the human sciences in the European cultural tradition, in particular the empirical assumption that dominates the production of practically-oriented narratives based on the creative use of everyday language. The argument then goes on to focus on various descriptions of the South Indian kingdom of Vijayanagara written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries by foreign observers. This body of literature is studied thoroughly and in chronological order, with reference to the education and interests of the travellers and to the quality-of. their Indian experiences. Thus. the argument compares medieval with sixteenth-century travel narratives, and texts produced within a Muslim and a Latin Christian traditions. Finally, it attempts to evaluate the use travellers made of their rhetorical possibilities from a modern understanding of the complexity of the indigenous cultural tradition and political system. Continuous reference to the travel literature of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance connects this original case-study with the contemporary process of formation of ethnological languages in Europe. The conclusion argues for the understanding of travel literature as a possible form of cultural translation. It also defines the fundamental assumptions of Renaissance ethnology as the understanding of human diversity in natural and historical terms, albeit in the limited form of descriptions of social behaviour which avoided the open discussion of religious beliefs. Tue, 28 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/236170 1992-01-28T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/236169 Title: The merchant of Genoa : the Crusades, the Genoese and the Latin East, 1187-1220s Authors: Mack, Merav Abstract: The Merchant of Genoa is a study of the Genoese engagement in the affairs of the eastern Mediterranean during the late Middle Ages. In particular, the dissertation examines Genoa's involvement in three crusades following the fall of the first kingdom of Jerusalem as well as the role played by Genoese in commerce and in the re-establishment of the Latin society in the crusader states. The research focuses on the people of Genoa, merchants and travellers who explored the Mediterranean Sea, crusaders and the Genoese who settled in the crusader states, far away from Genoa. What these people had in common, apart from being Genoese, is that they left records of their activities in the form of notarial documents. This is probably the earliest time in the history of Europe in which such documents were not only recorded but also preserved for posterity. The existence of this collection of documents from the time of the crusades, many of which are as yet unpublished, is therefore an opportunity for a fresh examination of the events from the perspective of individual merchants and exploring the economic interests of the commune. This dissertation addresses questions about the connection between crusade and commerce. What motivated the Genoese to help the crusaders in 1187-1192? Why did they not provide ships for the participants of the Fourth Crusade? How did the crusade affect Genoa's web of commerce? Special attention is given to individual and families of Genoese who settled in the Latin East. The case of the aristocratic Genoese family of the Embriaco is particularly interesting because of that family's integration into the aristocracy in the kingdom of Jerusalem. Issues concerning the loyalties and identities of Genoese settlers in the crusader states are addressed and examined in parallel with the examination of the activities of other Genoese, merchants and travellers, who were involved in commerce in Muslim centres in the same period. Mon, 06 Oct 2003 23:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/236169 2003-10-06T23:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/229605 Title: Muslim women in colonial North India circa 1920-1947 : politics, law and community identity Authors: Deutsch, Karin Anne Abstract: This dissertation explores the relationship between gender and Muslim community identity in late colonial India. It pursues two broad themes. The first of these is the way in which gender issues were used symbolically by Muslim religious and political leaders to give substance to a community identity based largely on religious and cultural ideals in the three decades prior to independence. The second is the activities of elite Muslim women in social reform organisations and their entry into politics. Most of the recent literature on the development of a distinct Muslim identity during this period focuses entirely on politics and thus on relatively short-term factors leading to Partition. However, gender makes us look again at the longer term, especially the way in which it gave substance to the imagining of an all- India Muslim identity. I examine the various constructions and stereotypes of the Muslim woman and the ways in which she was seen as being in need of special protection in the political sphere while being in an advantageous position with regard to Muslim personal law. Of particular importance here are the discourse on purdah, which had become communalised during this period even as purdah practices were changing, and the ways in which Islamic law became considered as a 'sacred site' for Muslims in the late colonial period. I argue that the focus on gender issues by certain political and religious leaders was a 'universalising' factor: while it was difficult to portray all Indian Muslims as constituting a definitive and united group, all Indian Muslim women could be depicted as being alike, with the same interests and problems. These tendencies were strengthened by the Indian Muslim awareness of a wider Muslim community. In terms of practice, I examine women's entry into the political sphere, as well as their relationship with national women's organisations. I show that women were not passive onlookers to the debates on gender, but contributed to them, although their interest was more on improving women's rights than on formulating community identities. The dissertation examines women's conflicting identities as women and as Muslims, particularly as the initial unity among women on social reform issues was eroded due to communal antagonism in the realm of politics. The focus of the dissertation will be on the public sphere, which is where one can best examine the interactions between men and women, Hindus and Muslims, and Indian and British representatives. Given the diversity of the Indian Muslim experience, I concentrate on and give examples primarily from the United Provinces, but owing to wider connections between women I also look at other north Indian examples. Tue, 27 Oct 1998 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/229605 1998-10-27T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/226852 Title: Vengeance and the crusades 1095-1216 Authors: Throop, Susanna Anne Abstract: Through textual analysis of specific medieval vocabulary it has been possible to clarify the course of the concept of vengeance in generala ss well as the more specific idea of crusading as an act of vengeance. The concept of vengeance was intimately connected with the ideas of justice and punishment. It was perceived as an expression of power, embedded in a series of commonly understood emotional responses, and also as a value system compatible with Christianity. There was furthermore a strong link between religious zeal, righteous anger, and the vocabulary of vengeance. The idea of crusading as an act of vengeance largely originated in the aftermath of the First Crusade, as contemporaries struggled to assign interpretation and meaning to its success. Three themes in early twelfth-century sources promoted the idea of crusading as vengeance: divine vengeance on the unfaithful, a connection between crusading and anti-Jewishs sentiment, and the social obligation to provide vengeance for kith and kin indicated by the key vocabulary of auxilium and caritas. The idea of crusading as an act of vengeance expanded noticeably through the later twelfth century. This corresponded substantially with increasing papal power, theories of material coercion, and a broad definition of the injuries comnitted by Muslims. The social obligation to provide vengeance was still expressed in familial terms but also was linked increasingly with lordship relations. The texts strongly downplayed the distinction between Jews and Muslims in a number of ways centring around the crucifixion of Christ, and in so doing contributed to the ideology of crusading as vengeance. In sources from the early thirteenth century, particularly papal correspondence, the idea of crusading as an act of vengeance was applied to a variety of crusading expeditions. Analysis of the idea demonstrates a strong emphasis on Christian unity and also the continued contribution of notions of social obligation. The sources continued to blur the distinctions between Jews, Muslims and heretics, again using as a binding event the crucifixion of Christ. By the early thirteenth century, the vocabulary of vengeance was an established part of crusading rhetoric. Mon, 22 May 2006 23:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/226852 2006-05-22T23:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/226671 Title: British intelligence and threats to national security, c.1941-1951 Authors: Walton, James Calder Abstract: This dissertation studies the way that Britain's intelligence services changed priorities from the Second World War to the early Cold War. It stretches from the point when the Soviet Union entered the Second World War as Britain's ally in 1941, to the moment a decade later in 1951, when the Cold War had set in and Moscow was the bitter enemy of the west. Using recently declassified Security Service (MIS) records, it examines how Britain's intelligence services met the massive transition from World War to Cold War. It reveals a variety of subjects previously undocumented in the secondary historical literature, such as MIS's concerns after the Second World War with terrorism emanating from the Middle East. The dissertation is an attempt to rescue intelligence from historical obscurity and place it in its justified position: as a central component in the process of political decision-making in Britain. As well as offering new historical insights, it provides useful lessons for governments and intelligence agencies at the start of the twenty-first century. The dissertation shows that many of the issues facing intelligence agencies at the start of the twenty-first century were, in fact, faced by the British intelligence community half a century ago. Tue, 13 Feb 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/226671 2007-02-13T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/225258 Title: The Hindu Code Bill and the making of the modern Indian state Authors: Newbigin, Eleanor Abstract: This dissertation examines debates about women's rights and family law reform in inter-war and early independence India. Focusing on the Hindu Code Bill, an attempt to reform and codify Hindu family law that began in 1941 and culminated in 1956, it argues that these reforms sought to alter the way in which male authority was exercised within the Hindu family but also to consolidate the power of north Indian Hindu men over other regional Hindu and non-Hindu communities. Managed through alliances between colonial rulers and 'local men of influence', British governance in India helped to ensure and even sharpen the hierarchical structure of patriarchal authority in India. Enabling a small number of officials to maintain order over large regions of the subcontinent, colonial modes of governance served to subordinate not only women but also many men to the authority of a small number of patriarchs. The family and the personal legal system governing relations within it were particularly crucial to the framework of colonial power. Constitutional reform and changes in the political-economy of colonial rule after World War I began to place this hierarchical structure of power under pressure and created growing interest, amongst Indian legislators and colonial officials, in its reform. Though couched in the language of women's rights, reform of personal law was driven by a desire to reconfigure thd balance of power within both the Hindu family and the Indian state. Opening up competition between regional Hindu elites who sought to establish their own practices as the basis of the new Code, after independence these debates were also drawn into nation- and citizenship-building projects with important consequences for the emerging secular state. Reflecting the rising power of north Indian legislators, the Code Bill project served to consolidate conservative patriarchy of Hindu men from this region as the basis, not only of Hindu legal identity, but of Indian citizenship. Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/225258 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/223979 Title: Wilberforce and his milieux: the worlds of Anglican Evangelicalism, c.1780-1830 Authors: Atkins, Gareth Abstract: Evangelical reformism has always been recognized as a massive influence on early nineteenth-century culture. Philanthropic pressure groups dominated public life. But while much attention has recently been devoted to the language and ideas which informed the Evangelical mindset, too many historians have accepted the heroic emphases of nineteenth-century memoirists, and have concentrated on Wilberforce and the crusade against slavery. This thesis contends that the real strength of the movement lay in business, the professions and burgeoning officialdom, and traces the clerical and business networks that connected this metropolitan nexus with provincial Britain. As is shown in chapters on the Church and Universities, patronage and politics, the City of London, the Navy and colonial affairs, this was a dynamic, highly-organized milieu in which patronage, place and influence were used to the full. Mon, 04 May 2009 23:00:00 GMT http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk:80/handle/1810/223979 2009-05-04T23:00:00Z